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Psych Final Exam
Chapters 1-4
61
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/01/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term

Types of Psychologists

Definition
  1. Clinical
  2. Counseling
  3. School
  4. Developmental
  5. Experimental
  6. Biopsychologist
  7. Forensic
  8. Industrial-Organization
Term
Psychologists (Research Groups)
Definition
  1. Developmental
  2. Experimental
  3. Biopsychologist
  4. Forensic
  5. Industrial-Organization
Term
Clinical Psychologist
Definition

Biggest field of Psychology

Assesing and treating of pateints

"Genertic Idea of Psychologist"

Term
Counseling Psychologist
Definition
There are Doctoral Programs to become this type. Primarily deal with normal developmental situations.
Term
School Psychologist
Definition
Works with students in elementary, middle, and high school settings.
Term
Developmental Psychologist
Definition

Biggest of the reseachers.

They Research the Development of the Brain.

Term
Experimental Psychologist
Definition
Do experiments and research.
Term
Biopsyhologist
Definition

Look at psyche in animals & humans.

Academic and research settings.

Term
Forensic Psychologist
Definition

Work in Jails.

Asses inmates in prisons.

Term
Industrial-Organization
Definition
A group of psychologist that work on making work settings better
Term
Psycharist
Definition
Can provide medication and go to med school
Term
Dangers of Self-Help Media and Multimedia
Definition

Can affect you getting real help and could not be true.

 

Media glamorizes Quick Fixes

Treaments to rapidly "cure" psychological ailments

  • Media misses critical information which leads to misleading information about treatments.
Term
Critical Thinking Principles
Definition
  1. Extraordinary Claims require Extraordinary Evidence
  2. Falsifiability
  3. Occam's Razor
  4. Replicability
  5. Ruling out Rival Hypothesis
  6. Correlation is not causation
Term
Falsifiability
Definition
Following people to see if the cure works or not.
Term
Occam's Razor
Definition

Picking the most simple explanation for the idea.

ex. Crop circles= human creations

Term
Replicability
Definition
Only true if it can be replicated.
Term
Correlation vs.Causation
Definition

Assuming because two things occur at the same time one must cause other.

A->B

B->A

C->AB-Don't account for third variable

Term
Basic Function of Frontal Lobe
Definition

Memory executive function planning and organizing words.

Consists:

Motor Cortex- sends signals to muscles

Prefrontal cortex- decision making and emotional control

 

Term
Basic Function of Parietal Lobe
Definition

Perceiving space, object shape, orientation, perception of actions of others and presentations of numbers.

Consists:

Somatosensory Cortex- signals pressure, temperature, vibration, and pain.

Term
Basic Function of Temporal
Definition

Deals with language, hearing, and language comprehension.

Consists:

Auditory Cortex: auditory information

Term
Basic Function of Occipital Lobe
Definition
All aspects of vision
Term
Limbic System
Definition

Highly interconnected system it is related to control of emtion and can influence Blood Pressure and respiration.

Contains:

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Cingulate Cortex
  4. Hippocampus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Maintain internal body states, releases hormones, and the control of blood pressure.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
Important for emotions sush as excitement, arrousel, fear, and it deciphers other people's emotions.
Term
Cingulate Cortex
Definition
Active in knowledge of socially accepted behavior and helps regulate the Autonomic System
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Important for memory formation, spacial memory, and all new memories
Term
Anatomy Of Neurons
Definition

Neurons have long branches, which help them receive and transmit information.

 

  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Synapses
  4. Axons and Axon Terminals
Term
Cell Body of Neurons
Definition
The central region of the neuron that mnufactures new cell components, consisting of small and large molecules. Damage to cell body would result in cell death.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Portions of neurons that receive signals.
Term
Synapses
Definition

Terminal point of axon branch, which releases neurotransmitters.

 

Synaptic Cleft- space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released

Synaptic Vesicles- spherical sacs containing neurotransmitters

Term
Axons and Axon Terminals
Definition

Long extensions specialized for sending messages from one neuron to another. Usually very thin at their site of origin ner the cell body.

 

Axon Terminal- is knoblike structure at the end of the axon.

Term
Node
Definition
Gap in the myelin sheath of an axon, which helps the conduction of nerve impulses
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Fatty coat that insulates the axons of some nerve cells, speeding transmission of impulses
Term
Chemical Communication of Neurons
Definition

Neurotransmitters-chemical messengers specialized for communication and released at the synapse.

*Happens outside of the cell

  1. Glutamate
  2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)
  3. Acetylcholine(ACh)
  4. Norepinephrine(NE)
  5. Dopamine
  6. Serotonin
  7. Endorphins
  8. Anandamide
Term
Electrical Communication of Neurons
Definition

Resting Potential- electrical charge difference(-70 millivolts) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited

-Action electrical impulse travel's down axon goes to +40 , non occurs goes right +40 goes all the way down, refactory period when another action period can occur

Action Potential- regenerative electrical impulse that travels down the axon and allows neurons to communicate.

Graded Potential- not as all or none, can give different types of response along with brightness and vision.

Term
Major types of Neuroimaging
Definition

Electroencephalography(EEG)

Computed Tomography(CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

Positron emission tomography(PET)

functional MRI(fMRI)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)

Magnetoencephalography(MEG)

 

Term
Electroencephalography
Definition
(EEG)- recording of brain's electrical activity at the surface of the skull
Term
Computed Tomography
Definition
(CT)- a scanning technique using multiple x-rays to construct three-dimensional images
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Definition
(MRI)- technique that uses magnetic field to indirectly visualize brian structure
Term
Positron emission tomography
Definition
(PET)- imaging technique that measures uptake of glucoselike molecules, yielding a picture of regional metabolic activity in brain in different regions.
Term
functional MRI
Definition
(fMRI)- technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity
Term
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation
Definition
(TMS)- technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull and that can either enhance or interrupt brain function.
Term
Magnetoencephalography
Definition
(MEG)- measure of brain activity using magnotometers tha sense tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain.
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
Lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50 percent of the time
Term
Just Noticeable Difference
Definition
(JND)- the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect. Relevant to our ability to distinguish a stronger from a weaker stimulus, like a soft noise from a slightly louder noise.
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
Says that  there's a constant proportional relationship between the JND and the original stimulus intensity. Basically, the stronger the stimulus, the bigger the changed needed for a change in stimulus intensity to be noticeable.
Term
Brightness
Definition

The intensity of the reflected light that reaches our eyes.

 

*When light reaches an object, part of the light gets reflected by the object and part gets absorbed.

Term
Hue
Definition

Psychologist call the color of light...hue.

 

There are three primary colors of light:red, green, and blue.

 

*Mixing all three produces white light.

Term
Receptor Cells
Definition

Rods- relate to low level of lights most active in dim rooms. Are long and narrow, enable us to see basic shapes and forms.

 

Cones- higher in acuity(sharpness of vision) responsible for color vision, far less numerous than rods.Are shaped like small cones, give us our color vision.

 

Ganglion Cells- responsible for moving information from the eye into the brain.

Term
Color Perceptions
Definition

Trichromatic Theory- idea that color vision is based on our sensitivity to three different colors(blue, green, and red).

Opponent Process Theory- color vision is a function of complimentary opposing colors.

 

Term
Difficulties with Vision
Definition

Color Blindness- inability to see some or all colors.

Blindness- the inability to see, or more specifically, the presence of vision less tha or equal to 20/200 on the Snellen eye test.

Motion Blindness- a serious disorder in which patients can't seamlessly string images processed by their brains into the perception of ongoing motion.

Visual Agnosia- a deficit in perceiving objects.

Term
Pitch
Definition
Changes in frequency of the wave.
Term
Loudness
Definition
The amplitude-or height-of the sound wave corresponds to loudness, measured in decibels(dB).
Term
Timber or timbre
Definition
Refers to the quality or complexity of the sound.
Term
Theories for Pitch Perception
Definition

Place Theory- specific places along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch.

Frequency Theory- the rate at which neurons fire action potentials faithfully reproduces the pitch.

Volley Theory- sets of neurons can fire together to increase the rate.

Term
Taste Buds
Definition

Sense receptors in tongue

Five Basic Tastes

-Sweet

-Salty

-Sour

-Bitter

-Umami

Term
Gustatory Cortex
Definition

Becomes active when tasting gross foods and facial expressions

 

Pheromones- odorless hormones that are in animals

Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
specialized nerve endings found in skin that detect light pressure and heat pressure.
Term
Free Nerve Endings
Definition
 Also in skin detect pain, temperature, and touch.
Term
Vestibular Sense
Definition
Also called our sense of equilibrium, enables us to sense and maintain our balance as we move about.
Term
Role of Inner Ear
Definition

Semicircular canals are filled with fluid and half-circular canals, sense equilibrium and help us maintain our balance.

Otoliths- which are tiny crystals, sense linear movement and gravity.

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