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Psych Final Baird
psychology 101 final vassar
96
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2010

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Term
Cortical area thought to be critical for language comprehension
Definition
Wernicke's area
Term
critical structure for explicit memory
Definition
hippocampus
Term
function of the thalamus
Definition
receives sensory info, processes it, and sends it to the cerebral cortex. it also helps regulate states of arousal, sleep, wakefulness, and consciousness.
Term
foramen magnum
Definition
largest opening at the base of the skull, connecting the spinal cord to the brain
Term
medulla and pons function
Definition
regulation of cardiac and respiratory function
Term
cerebellum function
Definition
works as an integrator - modifying, not producing - allowing us to control and process our perceptions and motor movements. involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits related to movement
Term
basal ganglia function
Definition
essential participant in motor control, cognition, learning, and emottional processing
Term
what is responsible for emotionally driven behavior
Definition
limbic system; including amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and portions of the cingulate cortex
Term
hypothalamus function
Definition
links the nervous system to the endocrine system; regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and circadian cycles
Term
occipital lobes function
Definition
involved in visual processing
Term
temporal lobes function
Definition
auditory processing
Term
parietal lobes function
Definition
bodily sensations - touch, taste, temperature
Term
frontal lobes function
Definition
integration and management functions. involved in the encoding and storage of working and long-term memory, and a bit of sensory memory processing
Term
Broca's area function
Definition
initiates the movements needed to produce speech
Term
general functions of left and right hemispheres
Definition
left - critical for language
right - critical for spatial relationships
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for the difference to be noticeable
Term
different visual processing neurons
Definition
feature detectors: simple cells (single features - vertical line), complex cells (two features), hypercomplex (multiple features), fusiform face area
Term
parallel processing
Definition
our ability to comprehend all the sensory input into our time model
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
provide a constant stream of info from our muscles to the cortex of the parietal lobe
Term
endogenous attention
Definition
directed by internal decisions and explicit choices
Term
exogenous attention
Definition
directed by external stimuli
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
our failure to perceive a given stimulus
Term
change blindness
Definition
failure to detect drastic visual changes in a scene
Term
preattentive processing
Definition
complex processing of information that occurs without our conscious awareness
Term
top-down processing
Definition
the way we perceive the world affected by our beliefs, experiences, and expectations
Term
perceptual adaptation
Definition
enables us to adjust sensory input so that the world seems normal again
Term
continuous traits
Definition
e.g. height, weight, skin color; have a range of possible values
Term
Nature and Nurture thoughts..
Definition
W/o the presence of language, a child will not learn language. Yet, we do have a natural ability to learn language - a sort of biological preparedness that promotes this species-typical trait.
LAD + LASS
Term
cross sectional studies
Definition
observe diff indvd at diff ages to track age diff
Term
longitudinal studies
Definition
observe same indvd over a period of time to track age changes
Term
cephalocaudal rule
Definition
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from top to bottom
Term
proximodistal rule
Definition
tendency form motor skills to emerge in sequence from inside to outside
Term
habituation
Definition
preference for new stimuli
Term
assimilation
Definition
Piaget. interpret new exp in terms of existing schemas
Term
accommodation
Definition
Piaget. adjust or refine schema
Term
Piaget's stages of conscious development
Definition
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
Vygotsky. diff b/t what a child can do alone vs what a child can do with a more competent person - development occurs on a social level before the indvd level
Term
Piaget vs Vygotsky
Definition
Piaget: child as a scientist
Vygotsky: child as an apprentice wishing to function effectively with adult society
Term
joint visual attention
Definition
supports vygotsky. child looks at adult's eyes and follow gaze, interpreting what is interesting.
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remembering to perform a specific action. time based
Term
intelligence remains stable and may even increase into later adulthood
Definition
fact.
Term
language acquisition devise
Definition
ex. of biological preparedness. Chomsky. inherent foundation for the principles of universal grammar
Term
language acquisition support system
Definition
not all LAD, also this - social env into which a baby is born
Term
mullerian system
Definition
precursor of female sex organs
Term
wolffian system
Definition
precursor of male sex organs
Term
androgens
Definition
male sex hormones
Term
social learning theory
Definition
emphasizes role of cognition in motivation and the importance of expectations in shaping behavior
Term
gender crisis
Definition
part of the self theory - not allowed to be "real" self
Term
male answer syndrome
Definition
males are more likely to guess at answers to difficult qs rather than reveal uncertainty
Term
socialization
Definition
the process through which a person shapes his or her behavioral patterns acc to society
Term
Kohlberg's Ladder of moral reasoning
Definition
1. preconventional morality -punishment/self-interest; 2. conventional -social laws; 3. postconventional morality -abstract principles
Term
affective component
Definition
feelings associated with emotion
Term
James-Lange theory
Definition
the physiological exp of heart pounding or tears flowing causes the emotion
Term
Cannon-Bard theory
Definition
mental and physiological components of emotions happen simultaneously.
Term
Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory
Definition
cognitive evaulation happens alongside our physiological arousal to create the emotion
Term
exposure effect
Definition
familiarity of the stimulus primes us to react a certain way
Term
cognitive appraisal theory
Definition
a person notices a particular physiological response, and then interprets what it means --> emotion
Term
misattribution
Definition
assigning the incorrect meaning to an emotion because of a particular physiological response
Term
rapid subcortical pathway
Definition
pathway allowing thalamus to send projections from sensory organs to the amygdala
Term
slower cortical pathway
Definition
pathway from thalamus to visual cortex back to amygdala - perceptions --> emotions
Term
psychic blindness
Definition
w/o amygdalas and parts of temporal lobes, inability to interpret emotional significance of sensory stimulus
Term
nucleus accumbens
Definition
area underneath frontal cortex that's involved in exp pleasure
Term
facial feedback hypothesis
Definition
facial expression corresponds to exp emotion
Term
emotional regulation
Definition
cognitive strategies to control and influence emotional responses
Term
affective forecasting
Definition
imagining how that will make you feel in the future
Term
catharsis theory
Definition
don't keep emotions all bottled up
Term
feel good do good phenomenon
Definition
applies to humanistic approach. happy --> good action
Term
adaptation level phenomenon
Definition
current state of factors becomes the norm --> wanting even more
Term
relative deprivation
Definition
comparing oneself to another. higher than you --> feel worse; lower...
Term
dispositional forces
Definition
int factors involved in motivation
Term
drive-reduction theory
Definition
a person reacts when a physiological need cause he/she to do so
Term
central state theory
Definition
understands drives by neural activity
Term
central drive system
Definition
set of neurons that create drive
Term
intrinsic reward
Definition
pleasure found in the act itself
Term
extrinsic reward
Definition
reward found in completion of task
Term
medial forebrain bundle
Definition
brain's reward pathway
Term
Yerkes-Dodson law
Definition
performance peaks with moderate level of arousal
Term
Maslow's hierarchy
Definition
1. physiological needs 2. safety and security 3. attachment 4. self esteem 5. self expression
Term
gustatory sense
Definition
sense of taste
Term
activation synthesis theory
Definition
dreams are the brains attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep
Term
anterior cingulate cortex
Definition
area involved in physical pain - also responds to social and emotional pain
Term
equity theory
Definition
workers describe their happiness in relative deprivation terms
Term
expectancy theory
Definition
satisfaction (e.g. job) with the sense of achieving certain outcome - expectancy and valence
Term
three term contingency
Definition
learning. discriminative stimulus --> operant response --> reinforcer/punisher
Term
premack principle
Definition
preferred activity is used to reinforce a non preferred task
Term
stimulus enhancement
Definition
tendency to pay attention to something that someone else has shown interest in - like joint visual attention
Term
goal enhancement
Definition
reward received in the past --> drive to receive award again
Term
mass action principle
Definition
amount of brain tissue destroyed is proportional to reduction in learning
Term
cell assembly
Definition
networks of neurons that store memories
Term
long term depression
Definition
opposite of LTP
Term
synaptic consolidation
Definition
memory consolidation that takes place w/in a few hours after learning
Term
ribot's law
Definition
brain damage affects recent memories more than remote ones - new system consolidations are more fragile
Term
place cell
Definition
a cell in the hippocampus that only fires when organism is in a particular locationo
Term
frontal lobe memory function
Definition
involved in encoding and storing working and long term memory
Term
rote rehearsal
Definition
repeating information in an effort to consciously encode
Term
manifest content
Definition
what we explicitly remember about a dream
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