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| The science that studies behavior and mental processes. |
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| A formulation of relationships underlying observed events |
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| Research conducted without concern for immediate applications. |
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| Research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems. |
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| A college or university course, typically in a sepcialized field of study, that provides students with supervised practical application of previously studied theory. |
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| Deliberate looking into one's own cognitive processes to examine one's thoughts and feelings and to gain self-knowledge |
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| Mind consists of: sensations, feelings, and images--that combine to form experience |
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| Focuses on functions of the mind and behavior rather than just the elements of experience. |
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| Applying psychological knowledge to help individuals change their behavior. |
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- Help people with psychological disorders adjust to the demands of life.
Largest subgroup of psychologists.
Includes Ph.D.s and Psy.D.s |
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| Similar to clinical psychologist but clients typically have adjustment problems and not serious psychological disorders. |
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"About the Psyche”
- Supporter of empiricism.
- outlined the laws of associationism |
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| Suggested think of behavior in terms of a body and mind |
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-Recorded Socrates’ advice/motto to “Know Thyself”
- Advanced Socrates suggestion of rational thought and introspection. |
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- "Elements of Psychophysics"
- Showed how physical events (light and sounds) are related to psychological sensations and perceptions. Some consider this to be the beginning of psychology. |
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-first true American Psychologist.
-"The Principles of Psychology" |
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Founder of Behaviorism
"Little Albert" experiment |
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| Believed organisms learn to behave in certain ways because of reinforcement. |
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| Focused on how perceptions influence thinking and problem solving. |
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| Focus on the unconscious where conflicting impulses, urges and wishes exist. >Sigmund Freud |
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| seeks to understand the nature of links between biological processes and the brain, etc. |
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| asserts that people are conscious, self-aware, and capable of free choice |
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| People are free and responsible for their own behavior |
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| based on skepticism, logical analysis, |
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| Science that obtains evidence by experience or experimentation |
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| Gathering measurable evidence through observation and experimentation. |
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| specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable thru research |
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| Association between variables |
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| Source of bias may occur in research findings when participants allowed to choose certain treatment |
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| ex: to apply observations of a sample to a population |
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| each member of population has equal chance of being selected to participate |
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| Sample so that identified subgroups in population are represented proportionally |
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| carefully drawn biography that may be obtained thru interviews, questionnaires, and psych tests. |
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| large sample of people answer question about their attitude or behavior |
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| organisms are observed in natural environments |
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| determining whether one variable increases or decreases as another increases or decreases. |
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| Number between +1.00 and -1.00 expresses strength and direction |
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| One variable increases as the other increases |
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| One variable increases as the other decreases |
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| confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing effects |
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| condition received by participants to be observed |
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| Condition manipulated to be observed |
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| Measure of assumed effect of independent variable |
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| researcher expects or desires certain outcome |
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| groups whose members obtain treatment |
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| numerical facts used to get information about measures or scores |
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| providing descriptive info about distribution of scores |
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| Statistically significant |
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| difference is large enough that it is unlikely to be due to chance fluctuation |
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| participants agreement to participate in research after knowing purpose and nature of study |
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| theory of evolution that holds that adaptive genetic variations among members of species enable individuals with those variations to survive and reproduce. |
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| Sudden variation in an inheritable characteristics |
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| studies the ways adaptation and natural selection are connected |
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| category of biological classification |
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| stereotyped patten of behavior triggered by a particular stimulus nearly identical among members |
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| transmission of traits from parents to offspring |
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| area of biology that focuses on heredity |
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| focuses on the transmission of traits that give rise to behavior |
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| basic unit of heredity: found on chromosome |
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| cell nucleus carrying genes that transmit hereditary traits |
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| forms chromosomes - double helix - contains genetic code. Deoxyriboneuclic acid |
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| Referring to traits that are influenced by combos of genes |
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| One's genetic makeup based on sequencing |
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| How the genes are reflected physically |
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| Inborn, innate character of organism |
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| Total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from contraception onward. |
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| 23rd pair - determines sex of individual |
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| Extra chromosome on the 21st pair |
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| Twins that develop from a single ovum that divides in two. aka identical twins |
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| Fraternal twins - not identical. Twins that develop form two fertilized ova and closely related |
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| Genetic environmental correlation |
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| tendency of prents to place children in environments that are consistent with their own preferences |
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| Choosing environments that allow individuals to develop inherited potentials or preferences |
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| Children's development reflects between their genetic heritage and their environments |
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| Specialized cell of nervous system - transmits messages. |
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| Cells that nourish neurons, remove waste products, and help synchronize messages |
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| Rootlike, attached to cell body of neuron, that RECEIVE impulses from other neurons. |
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| Long, thin, part of neuron that SENDS impulses |
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| Fatty substance that covers axons, helps transmit impulses |
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| Sensory neurons - TRANSMIT from receptors to spinal cord or brain |
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| Motor neurons - transmit mesg. from brain, cord, muscles, etc. |
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| electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell, or neuron. |
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| ready a neuron for firing (negatively charged) |
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| electric potential across membrane when its not responding to other neurons. |
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| Reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from -70 millivolts to 0. |
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| Electrical impulse that provides basis for the conduction of neural impulses along axon of neuron |
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| Fact that a neuron fires an impulse at the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered. |
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| Phase after firing and will not refire |
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| Space between axon of one neuron and dendrites or another neuron |
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| chemical substances involved in transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another |
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| Location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron made to receive a neurotransmitter |
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| Neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions |
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| involved in memory formation |
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| neurotransmitter that is involved in parkinson's disease and that affects schizophrenia |
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| neurotransmitter that may play role in depression |
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| Neurotransmitter - affect anxiety, insomnia |
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| Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) |
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| inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps calm anxiety |
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| neurotransmitter that are composed of amino acids and are similar to morphine. |
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| bundle of axons from many neurons |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| part of the nervous system consisting of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. |
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| connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, and surface of body |
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| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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| part of peripheral nervous system: regulates: heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation |
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| part of ANS most active during emotion, fear and anxiety, processes that spend body's energy |
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| part of ANS most active during digestion, processes that restore body's energy |
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| column of nerves transmit messages |
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| unlearned response to a stimulus (may inv. 2 neurons) |
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| Neuron that transmits a neural impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron |
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| In spinal cord, grayish neuron and neural segments that involve spinal reflexes |
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| In spinal cord, axon bundles that carry messages from and to the brain |
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| injury that results in impaired behavior or loss of function |
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| Part of brain involved in regulating heartbeat and respiration |
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| hindbrain involved in breathing, attention, sleep, dreams |
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| Part of the hindbrain involved in muscle coordination and balance |
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| Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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| part of brain involved in attention, sleep, arousal |
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| Area near the center of brain involved in relay of sensory information to the cortex and in functions of sleep and attention |
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| bundle of nuclei below thalamus involved in body temp, motivation, and emotion |
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| A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion |
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| part of limbic system that facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses |
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| large mass of the forebrain, consists of two halves |
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| wrinkled surface area (gray matter) of cerebrum |
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| thick fiber bundle that connects halves of the cortex |
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| lobe of cerebral cortex that lies in front of central fissure |
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| Lobe that lies just behind the central fissure |
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| Lobe that lies below lateral fissure, near temples of the head. |
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| lobe that lies behind and below the parietal lobe and behind temporal lobe |
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| part of cortex where sensory stimulation is projected. |
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| Section of cortex that lies in the frontal lobe, neural impulses linked to muscular responses throughout the body |
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| Disruption in the ability to understand productive language |
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| language disorder: trouble understanding spoken language |
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| Language disorder characterized slow, laborious speech. |
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| An organ that secrets one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, or milk |
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| Glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream |
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| substance secreted by endocrine gland that regulates various body functions |
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| gland that secrets growth hormone, p |
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| hormone that regulates growth |
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| hormone that conserves body fluids |
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| hormone that stimulates labor and lactation |
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| hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycle, and affects puberty |
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| hormone that increases metabolic rate |
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| Steroids that regulate metabolism and stress resistance |
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| hormone stimulates ANS activity |
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| Female sex hormone for growth and pregnancy |
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