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Definition
Change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience.
Two Types: Habituation, Sensitization |
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| Process of responding less strongly over time to a stimulus. |
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| Increased stimuli exposure, increased response |
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| Classical conditioning: Dog, food, bell, salivate |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| Stimulus that elicits an automatic response (Food) |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned (Salivating) |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus (Bell) |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning (Salivating) |
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| Reduction and elimination of CR after CS is presented repeatedly without UCS. |
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| the phase during which a CR is established |
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| When similar CSs elicit a CR |
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| When we exhibit a CR only to certain stimuli, not similar others |
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| Higher order conditioning |
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Definition
| Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
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| Applications of Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| Fetishism, Aversion to unsafe/dirty food/water |
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Definition
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior
(The organism gets something because of its response)
Acquisition, Extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are included in both classical and operant. |
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Definition
Behavior: Automatic
Reward: Unconditional
Behavior depends on: Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) |
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Definition
Behavior: Voluntary
Reward: Contingent on behavior
Behavior depends on: Skeletal Muscles (Voluntary) |
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Definition
If rewarded for a response, we’re more likely to repeat that response in the future
Learning involves an association between a stimulus and response (S-R), with the reward stamping in this connection |
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Definition
| Cat puzzle boxes, studied Law of Effect, no insight in cats |
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Definition
| Mice in cages with food/water buttons (Skinner box with activity recording device) |
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Definition
Strengthens probability of behavior occurrence
(+) Presents, praise
(-) Chores |
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Definition
Weakens probability of behavior
(+) Chores
(-) Grounding |
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Definition
| Signals presence of reinforcement |
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Term
| Reinforcement Patterns/Schedules |
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Definition
Continuous
Partial (more resistant to extinction)
-Fixed Ratio (After a certain # of responses)
-Fixed Interval (After a certain amount of time)
-Variable Ratio (After an average amount of reponses, varying slightly)
-Variable Interval (After an average amount of time, varying slightly) |
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| Applications of Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
Animal Training
Premack Principle- anti procrastination
Token economics- Psych hospital system to reinforce good behavior and stop bad behavior. (Use secondary reinforcers) |
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Term
| Combine classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
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Definition
Two-process Theory of Anxiety:
Begins with classical conditioning, maintained with negative reinforcement |
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Term
| Cognitive Models of Learning (Skinner vs. Modern) |
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Definition
Skinner’s view:
Cognitive psychology invokes unobservable and ultimately meaningless concepts—like “mind”—to explain behavior.
Most psychologists now:
The story of human learning is incomplete without at least some role for cognition. |
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Definition
| Learning that is not directly observable |
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| Learning by watching others |
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Definition
Become activated when an animal observes or performs an action.
May play a role in observational learning and having empathy for others |
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| Observational Learning of Aggression |
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Definition
Research suggests that media violence may contribute to aggression.
BUT:
Media violence may contribute to aggression – but it is not the only contributor |
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Definition
| Sudden understanding of the solution to the problem |
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| Conditioned Taste Aversions |
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Definition
| Avoidance reactions to the taste of food- mold, etc. |
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Definition
| Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
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| Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
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| The study of how people influence other's behavior, beliefs, and attitudes. |
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| Biologically based need for interpersonal connections |
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| # of average human interpersonal networks |
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Definition
Evaluate abilities and beliefs by comparison with other ppls
Upward (superiors)
Downward (inferiors) |
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Definition
| Contagious behaviors- especially in ambiguous situations |
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Definition
| Contagious outbreak of irrational behavior |
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Definition
| Presence of other enhances our performance |
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Definition
| Presence of others disrupts our performance |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior
Dispositional: Fault of person
Situational: Caused by situation |
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Definition
| People alter behavior as a result of group pressure |
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Definition
| Subjects asked to match line lengths, confederates chose wrong answer, subjects conformed 37% of time |
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Definition
| People act uncharacteristically when stripped of usual identities |
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Definition
Subjects assigned guard or prisoner role
Guards became very harsh and authoritative
Prisoners showed signs of hopelessness, depression, and anger.
Study was ended early because of extreme results |
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Definition
| Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking |
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Definition
| Group discussions strengthen polar viewpoints |
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Term
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Definition
groups that exhibit radical and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
-Promote groupthink via:
Persuasive leader
Disconnect members from outside world
Discourage questioning of assumptions
Gradually indoctrinate members |
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Definition
| Adherence to orders from those of a higher authority, essential ingredient in our lives |
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| Subjects told to give increasing levels of shock to another subject every time error was made |
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Term
Milgram Paradigm
Predictors of Obedience
Predictors of Disobedience |
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Definition
Obedience: Psychological distance between teacher and learner, greater authoritarian
Disobedience: More morally advanced, greater psychological distance between teacher and experimenter |
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Definition
| Killed in plain sight in NYC, example of Bystander Nonintervention |
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Term
| Bystander Nonintervention |
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Definition
| Not helping when they see something is going on |
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Definition
| Assuming no one perceives things as we do |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| Presence of other makes each person less responsible |
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Term
| Experiments concerning bystander nonintervention |
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Definition
People helped more often when they were alone than when they were in a group
People are more likely to help when they:
Are unable to escape the situation
Have adequate time to intervene
Are in a good mood
Have been exposed to research on bystander nonintervention |
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Term
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Definition
A belief with an emotional component
-Not good predictors of behavior
-Good predictor when they are highly accessible, firmly held, stable over time |
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Term
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Attitude change) |
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Definition
Discrepancy between two beliefs leads to an unpleasant state of tension that we are motivated to reduce
How to reduce the unpleasant state: Change both cognitions, introduce third cognition that resolves the conflict |
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| Self-perception Theory (Attitude change) |
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Definition
| We acquire our attitudes by observing our behavior |
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| Impression Management Theory (Attitude change) |
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Definition
| We don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviors appear consistent with our attitudes |
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Definition
Peripheral Route: More surface aspects of the argument
Central route: Informational aspects |
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Term
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Definition
Foot-in-the-door: Small request, then larger
Door-in-the-face: Starts big and backs off
Low-ball technique: Starts with low price, adds on the desirable options |
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Term
| WHO is persuading can have an impact: |
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Definition
Attractive/famous person
Highly credibly person
Messenger similar to receiver
Implicit egotism effect |
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Definition
| A belief, positive of negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is generallly applied to most members of the group |
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Definition
| Negative conclusions prior to evidence |
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Definition
| Negative behavior towards outgroups |
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Definition
| Tendency to favor ppl in our group |
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Definition
| Pppl outside of group are all the same |
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Definition
| Need to blame other for our misfortunes |
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Definition
| Need to see the world as just even if it is not |
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Definition
| Going along with other ppls opinions |
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Definition
(Combat prejudice)
two groups separated, competitions form hostility between groups
Experimenters contrived situations requiring cooperation for success
Result: Decrease in hostility b/w groups |
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Definition
(Combat prejudice)
Educational
Each student contributes a piece of the puzzlr |
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Term
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Definition
Predispositions that influence our behavior across situations
Account gor consistencies in our behavior across time and situations |
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Term
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Definition
Shared environment, nonshared environment effects on personality
Twin and Adoption studies
Suggests personality traits are heritable
Key role in non shared environment but not shared environment for adult personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| No proof, maybe later borns are more accepting of radical behavior |
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Term
| Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality |
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Definition
Three Assumptions
Psychic determinism (all events have a cause)
Symbolic Meaning (nothing is meaningless)
Unconscious Motivation
Personality Structure
ID: Animalistic, impulsive subconscious
Ego: Organized, critical, conscious
Superego: Morality |
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Term
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Definition
Repression- forgetting
Sublimation- turning a socially unacceptable trait into an admired goal
Regression- Act of returning to a younger, safer, state of mind |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory Criticisms |
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Definition
Unfalsifiable
Failed predictions
Questionable conception of unconscious
Unrepresentative samples
Emphasis on shared environment |
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Definition
| Core motive driving people is self actualization |
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Definition
| Drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent |
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Definition
Self-actualization as a goal
3 components
Organism
Self
Conditions of worth: expectations of our own behavior |
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Definition
Already self actualized people
Goals of peak experiences |
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Definition
Naive, difficult to falsify
Comparative psych challenged Rogers' claim that humans have a positive nature
Research fraught with methodological difficulties
Non falsifiable assumptions |
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Definition
Personality built through learning experiences
Influences:
Genetic
Reinforcers and pushers |
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Definition
Thinking as a cause of personality
-Reciprocal determinism
-Personality, cognitive, behavioral, environmental factors influence each other
-Observational learning
-Learn by watching
-Locus of control
-Internal vs. External |
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Term
Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Evaluated
Criticism: |
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Definition
-Radical behaviorists too extreme: exclude that thinking causes personality too much
-Social learning theory claims observational learning is crucial- opposite of findings that shared environmental influence on adult personality is minimal |
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Definition
-Extraversion
-Openness to experience
-Conscientiousness
-Neuroticism
-Agreeableness |
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Definition
Traits predict real-world behaviors
-Job performance and grades
-Health and life span
Similar traits across cultures, different prevalence rates
-Individualist vs collective societies |
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| Tendencies vs Adaptations |
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Definition
- Basic tendencies are underlying personality traits, characteristics adaptations are behavioral manifestations
- Same trait can manifest in very different ways
Sensation seeking in firefighters and criminals |
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Definition
-Some change before 30, little after
-Some changing of personality psychopharmacologically |
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Term
| Criticisms of trait models: |
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Definition
Walter Mischel: Traits rarely predict isolated behaviors with accuracy
Some models are more descriptive than explanatory
- Don’t explain why differences in personality occur/what causes them |
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