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Definition
| An enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called "Pavlovian conditioning" after Ivan Pavlov. A type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. |
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| Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning |
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Definition
| A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future |
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex (eg. salivation) |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior training (eg. smell/sight of food) |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has take place (eg. ringing of bell) |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| A response that has been learned associated with the CS (eg. salivation) but is generally weaker than the UR |
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| The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. For example, If a delicious and nutritious plant blooms every time it rains, an animal will learn to seek out the plant every time it rains |
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| The critical element in the acquisition of a learned association which is that the stimuli must occur together in time (usually best if there is a brief time delay between CS and US) |
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| A process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without the US (The CR is extinguished when the CS no longer predicts the US). Another form of learning that overwrites the previous association |
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Definition
| A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following the presentation of the CS. Is temporary and will quickly fade unless the CS is again paired with the US. |
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| Occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR. This is adaptive because in nature the CS is seldom experienced repeatedly in an exact identical fashion. |
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Definition
| A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of the is consistently associated with the US (eg. two plants may look similar but one is poisonous so an animal quickly learns to separate the two) |
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| Second-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
Eg. money is just paper or cheap metal but people learn to associate that paper/metal with something desirable.
For Pavlov, pairing a gray square with the ringing bell, taking away the ringing bell, and they gray square alone will produce salivation, although less than with ringing bell. |
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Definition
| An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation. |
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Definition
| Learning by which an animal/human begins to associate a neutral stimulus with fear. |
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| Exposing people to small doses of the feared stimulus while having them engage in a pleasurable task |
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| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| using relaxation exercises while imagining the feared object or situation |
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| The argument that animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects. This also correlates to how people are more predisposed to wariness of out-group members and therefore why prejudices are so common today |
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Definition
| A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected. The more unexpected it is, the more the organism puts into remembering it so it can predict it next time |
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Definition
| The learning process in which an action's consequences determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future. |
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| Thorndike's general theory of learning: Any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" will more likely occur again, and any behavior that leads to an "annoying state of affairs" will less likely recur |
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Definition
| A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
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| A process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior |
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Definition
| Biologically related reinforcers, such as food, water, sex |
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Definition
| Reinforcers that do not relate to biological necessities |
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Definition
| a more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity. "Eat your spinach and then you get dessert" "Finish your homework then you can go out" |
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Definition
| A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs eg. every third time or every 10th time you are reinforced |
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| Reinforcement based on a time interval, eg. workers being paid by the hour |
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| A schedule in which reinforcement is consistently provided upon each occurrence. eg. factory workers earning $8/hour every hour |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is applied at different rates or at different times, eg. sales commission only comes when someone offers to buy your produce |
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| Partial-reinforcement extinction effect |
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Definition
| The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement |
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Definition
| The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones |
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| People earn tokens for completing tasks and lose tokens for behaving badly. Used in elementary schools, hospital, prisons... |
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| A visual/spatial mental representation of an environment |
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| Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
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| Describes how animals in the wild choose their own reinforcement schedules eg. an animal must choose between a patch that is very variable and one that is considerably less variable in its amount of food. If the animal is facing starvation it will likely choose the higher variable one |
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| A unit of knowledge transferred within a culture. Imo the monkey washing a sweet potato in the water and soon all the other monkeys do so too |
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| The acquiring or modifying of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior |
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| The imitation of behavior through observational learning |
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| Learning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for performing the action |
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Definition
| Neurons that are activated during observation of others performing an action |
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| Intracranial Self-Stimulation |
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Definition
| Performing some action to cause a shock that would increase the dopamine in one's body to feel pleasure |
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Definition
| The region of the brain associated with the release of dopamine when experiencing rewardful pleasure |
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Definition
| A decrease in behavioral response following a repeated exposure to a novel nonthreatening stimuli |
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Definition
| An increase in behavioral response following exposure to a threatening stimuli |
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| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| The strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated |
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Definition
| LTM that occurs without us consciously thinking about it (unconscious memories) |
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| Deliberately remembering information so that you can know it later. eg. studying for this psych exam and knowing what this term means :P |
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| What you will try to use when you take this psych exam - cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory |
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| A form of explicit memory that is about one's own personal experiences |
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| A form of explicit memory that is about factual information separate from ones own persona. |
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| If all you remember about a name is that you have heard it before, you will likely assume that it belongs to a famous person |
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| The improvement in identifying or processing a stimulus that has been experienced previously |
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| Remembering to do something at sometime in the future |
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| A technique for LTM storage by simply repeating and repeated something |
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| A technique for LTM storage that involves a deeper meaning of conceptualization or relating it to oneself |
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| A way to think. Everyone thinks differently, therefore everyone has a different schema. For example I may solve 10*2 by taking 10+10, someone else may do just 2 with a 0 added onto it so 20. |
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