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| the study of mind and behavior |
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| list some mental feats (4) |
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| talking, getting a mate, learning, thinking, emotions, |
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| the body is evil and corrupts the mind, the mind wants to escape |
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| the mind is as the brain does |
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| thinking is done by the mind, wanting, feeling, and others are done by the body |
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| particular brain areas inhibit or allow for different functions |
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| the information-processing component of the brain. an active, biologically adept set of tools |
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| a system of formal theories which are constructed by testing cause vs effect |
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| makes a prediction by explaining something known using cause and effect |
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| provisional theories that are mutually exclusive (only one can be right) |
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| predicts an unknown fact through logical derivation from a model |
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| do the testers agree on the results |
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| if tested again are the measurements consistent over time |
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| effects cannot be due to manipulated conditions |
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| the effects should not generalize |
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| 2 Necessary Parts of a Good Experiment |
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1. random assignment
2. control group |
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| measures independent variable vs. dependent variable |
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| takes into account things such as mean, standard deviation, etc. measures relationships between specific variables |
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| average difference between each score and the mean |
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| The New-Nature Nurture Question |
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| how does genes contribute to the building of the nervous system |
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-create a protein template
-regulate other genes |
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| nonidentical pairs of genes |
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| one gene controls a behavior |
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| many genes control one behavior |
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| the amount of difference due to environmental variation |
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| the amount of difference due to genetic variability |
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| all properties are derived from sensory experiences |
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| some knowledge is innate and some has to be learned |
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| voluntary choices are the result of the body and brain alone |
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| all things and ways of learning result from related behaviors |
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| the type of casual process referred to in explaining some process |
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| Double Dissociation of Function |
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| f controls y, bad f means bad y but not x, b controls x, bad b means bad x but not y |
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| removal of the brain area |
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| destruction of a brain area |
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| measuring the concentration of neurotransmitters |
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| provides a snapshot of the brain |
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| takes a high-resolution snapshot of the brain without radiation |
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| high resolution images taken over time |
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| Functions of the Nervous System (3) |
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Definition
1.receive sensory information
2.enable muscles and glands to produce movement and secretions
3.organize new info with old info |
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| turns external information into internal information |
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| take information from brain and translate into movement |
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| communicate between motor and sensory neurons |
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| Excitation vs. Inhibition |
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| telling something to act vs. telling something not to act |
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| Components of Central Nervous System |
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Definition
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| Cortical Structures vs. Subcortical Structures |
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| visible part of brain vs. parts inside the brain |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| nerves and ganglia (autonomic nervous system) |
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| the war-maker, fight or flight (activates sweat glands, adrenal glands) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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heals, promotes growth, conserves energy
(decrease heart rate, increase digestion) |
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Subcortical Structures/ Brainstem
(5) |
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Definition
thalamus
medulla
midbrain
pons
spinal cord |
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| vital reflexes (breathing, heart rate, vomiting) and spinal cord (REM sleep movement) |
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| chewing, swallowing, eyes, etc. gets information from face, nose, mouth |
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| speed of locomotion, level of arousal |
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| RELAY station. non-olfactory information (sight, sound, etc.) goes here, lesions can reduce pain from chemotherapy |
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| guides movement that requires rapid integration of sensory information |
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| 3 Parts of the Limbic System |
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Definition
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
(a very primitive, smell-based brain) |
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| Controls autonomic nervous system, releases hormones, processes food and sex relevant info |
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| converts short-term memory into long-term memory |
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Definition
controls emotion-based learning
crucial in learning to fear something |
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| What matters in the brain when it comes to intelligence? |
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Definition
| The number of neurons along with how many neurotransmitters there are |
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Definition
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
motor cortex
prefrontal cortex |
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Definition
| receives information about the objects we see |
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| receives information about the pressure we feel by touch |
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| receives information about the sounds we hear |
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| Prefrontal Cortex (motor and prefrontal cortex) |
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| KING. receives info from all sensory systems. working memory, delayed response tasks, working out recent events. |
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Definition
| drawing conclusions, conclusion-based (not math based) data |
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| 3 Types of Research Design |
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Definition
1.Experiment
2.Correlation Study
3.Descriptive Studies |
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| 2 Types of Research Settings |
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| 2 types of Data Collection Methods |
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Definition
1.Observational
2.Self-Report |
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Definition
| no variable is manipulated, instead it measures two or more variables to find relationships among them |
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| the researcher doesn't interfere at all with the organism being examined |
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| the degree to which numbers in a set differ |
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| Positive Correlation vs. Negative Correlation |
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| when one goes up, other goes up VS. when one goes up, other goes down |
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| When is something statistically significant? |
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Definition
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| random variability in results VS. nonrandom effects caused by something outside the test |
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| Reliable vs. Valid (measurements) |
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| yields similar results every time VS. measures what it is intended to measure |
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Definition
| both the observer and subjects are kept blind about what groups they're in or observing |
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| Is neural communication electrical or chemical? |
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Definition
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| Where are potassium and sodium at resting potential? |
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Definition
Potassium = inside axon, flows freely out
Sodium = outside axon, actively pumped out |
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| What happens during an action potential? |
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Definition
| Sodium channels open, sodium flows in, causes depolarization. |
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| speeds up the action potential by closing off sodium channels |
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| "liking" neurons adapt by becoming less responsive to the same amount of something |
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| neurons becomes more excited when something is in close context |
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Definition
| ability for the brain to change in response to experience or damage |
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| Ultimate vs. Proximate Behavior |
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Definition
Ultimate deals with one's role in survival and reproduction
Proximate deals with the mechanisms underlying behavior |
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Definition
| anything that gets us moving towards goals |
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Definition
| anything in the environment that an organism acts to keep or gain |
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Definition
| emotions are belief driven and goal-specific. drives are produced by hormones for a benefit-specific reason |
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Definition
| the desire to maintain some variable within a "Set point" |
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Definition
| the hub of drive systems, situated on the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| release hormones that cause hormones to be release in peripheral glands, testes, ovaries, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| results from an increased solute concentration in the body |
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| results from a decrease in blood volume |
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| Lateral Areas of Hypothalamus (control) |
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Definition
| hunger drive among other things |
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| Medial Preoptic Area of Hypothalamus (controls) |
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Definition
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| feelings accompanied by physical responses that produce a readiness to act |
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moods=feelings about others, the world, yourself as a whole (long term)
temperaments=characteristic individual differences in expressing emotion (ex. drama queen) |
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Definition
| neutral, happy, sad, surprised, disgusted, angry, fear |
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Definition
| involved in rapid-fire movement of the limbs |
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| involved in movements so rapid they cannot be modified by sensory feedback once they are started |
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| Left vs. Right hemispheres of brain |
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left = language perception
right = nonverbal analysis |
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Definition
| controls internal organs like the heart, stomach, liver, intestines, etc |
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