Term
| What is evolution of behavior? |
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Definition
| the change over time in which the frequency of specific genes occur w/in a breeding species. |
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Term
Evolution of behavior works over --
and is not -- |
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Definition
over time, gradually
is not random |
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Term
| How does evolutiono of behavior work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
| Feedback process where nature facors one design over another bc its impact on reroduction |
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Term
| Changes caused by natural selection are? |
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Definition
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Term
| What influences genes? At what level? |
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Definition
Culture (hunters and gatherers vs sedentary)
at both individual and group levels |
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Term
| What is science about? What is it based on, and what does it require? |
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Definition
| testing intuitive assumptions regarding how the world works. Based on observation and requires an open mind |
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Term
Science relies on more than just:
Example: |
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Definition
common sense and logic: w/out testing knowledge it is incomplete
Bowling ball or penny, which falls faster? |
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Term
| What did the Monty Hall problem video represent? |
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Definition
| That common sense doesnt make a difference bc our first extinct isnt always right, but the numbers from science tell us more. |
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Term
| What are the limits to observations? Example: |
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Definition
| The knowledge in our world comes from our 5 senses, but our senses are not perfect. Psychophysics proved that people think a pound of bricks weigh more than a pound of feathers, even though they are both equally 1 pound. |
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Term
| What is gestalt psychology in terms of limits in observations? |
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Definition
| observation in one day differs from the next, it is hard to generalize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process using cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories |
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Term
| What does science question? |
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Definition
everything/ even authority
TO remain skeptical and to be intellectually honest |
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Term
| What is the scientific method? |
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Definition
| THe procedures by which scientists conduct research |
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Term
| 5 basic processes of sci method: |
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Definition
1. observation
2. prediction (hypothesis)
3. test/experiment
4. interpretation
5. communication |
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Term
| explain what a hypothesis is? |
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Definition
| a specific informed and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design |
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Term
| What does the last step of the sci method allow for? |
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Definition
| Communication: allows for replication- the replication of a study to confirm the results. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions |
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Term
| An important example as to why communication is important in science: |
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Definition
| Neutrinos thought to travel faster than the speed of light, but really machiene was just off. |
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Term
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Definition
| claims are presented as scientific, that are not supported by evidence obtained with in the sci method |
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Term
pseudosciens:
lacks-
disregards-
vaguely-
uses- |
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Definition
lacks the culmitive progress seen in science and internal skeptism
disregards real world observations and established facts/results and contradicts what is known already
vaguely explains ow conclusions are reached
uses loose and distorted logic |
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Term
| What are some common beliefs lacking evidence/ |
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Definition
| aliens, astrology/horoscopes |
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Term
| What is a research design? |
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Definition
| plans of action for how to conduct scientific study. |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic that changes or varies: ages gender weight intelligense level of extraversion/introroversion |
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Term
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Definition
| the entrie groupe a research is interested in |
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Term
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Definition
| subsets of the population that are actually studied |
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Term
| What do you want the sample to be? |
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Definition
| representative of population, to reflect population |
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Term
| What is external validity? |
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Definition
sample+ population
If it is high it is good, it means it is generalizable |
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Term
| What are the types of research designs? |
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Definition
descriptive studies/designs
case studies
naturalistic observation
interview and survey
correlational studies
experimental studies |
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Term
| What is an descriptive study? |
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Definition
the research defines a problem and variables of interests
(exploratory phase) |
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Term
| A descriptive study does not have? |
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Definition
No predictions/hypothesis
No manipulation or controlling variables |
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Term
| Example of a descriptive study? |
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Definition
1960s queens newyork kitty genevier was stabbed while 38 people were watching and only 1 called the police
which led to the bystander effect |
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Term
| what is the bystander effect? |
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Definition
| the more people around/watching, the less personal responsibility people feel to take action |
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Term
| What are the limitations of a descriptive study? |
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Definition
| cant determine a cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| design in which a researcher observes one person over a long period of time |
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Term
who often does case studies?
What does a case study usually contain? |
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Definition
therapists
extraordinary people |
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Term
| Who performed a famous case study? |
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Definition
| Freud and Anna O- He found out that she was histerically paralyzed and thru hypnotation realized things had happened in her past |
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Term
| What is a limitation of case studies? |
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Definition
| not all cases are generalizable |
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Term
| What famous case study taught us a lot about the brain? |
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Definition
| HM couldnt form any new memories once he had his hippocampus removed to releive epilepsy |
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Term
| What is a natural observation? |
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Definition
| a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world (people watching) |
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Term
| 1973, who/what was a famous naturalistic observation study performed in a hospital? |
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Definition
| Rosenhan- had 8 healthy people go into hospitals saying they heard voices to see how care was in a psych hospital |
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Term
| What were the results of Rosenhans study? |
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Definition
When the patients were admitted, they only saw a DR on avg for 6.8 min/day.
Staff talked about patients/made fun of them in from of them.
Patients were dehumanized
On average when the healthy people said they were fine they still had to stay 19 days to get cleared, many had to get "sctzophrenic" on recrod |
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Term
| What is interview and survey? |
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Definition
| asks ppl what they think or feel or how they behave |
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Term
| In an interview and survey study, how is a question asked> |
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Definition
| in the same way to each person |
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Term
| What ar ethe limitations of an interview and survey study? |
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Definition
| might not have a representative sample to survey |
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Term
| What is a correlation study? |
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Definition
| measures 2 or more variables and their relationships to one another |
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Term
| Is correlation the same as causation? |
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Definition
| NO IT ONLY DESCRIBES A RELATIONSHIP, NOT A CAUSE |
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Term
| What is a correlational coeffiecient? |
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Definition
| a statistic ranging from -1 to +1 that assesses the strength and direction of association |
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Term
| What is a positive correlation? |
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Definition
| When both move in same direction |
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Term
| What is an experimental study? |
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Definition
| a design that includes independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured) variables. |
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Term
| In an experimental study, participants are assigned how? |
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Definition
| Randomly to control and experimental groups |
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Term
| What is a benifit of experimental studies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are limitations of experimental studies? |
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Definition
| Results come from highly conrolled and usually unnatural environments and therefore are less generalizable to the real world. |
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Term
| Independent variable (IV) |
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Definition
| whats manipulated to determine if it causes an outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| outcome/response. whats measured |
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Term
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Definition
| influences the DV but cant be seperated from the IV. Proffessors and class times |
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Term
| What limits the impact of confounding variables? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who is not subject to treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
Any knowledge of experimental conditions:
studies dealing with this: |
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Definition
mess up results;
single blind and double bind studies |
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Term
| What is a single blind study> |
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Definition
| participants dont know which group they are in |
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Term
| What is a double blind study> |
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Definition
| both reserachers and participants dont know which group they're in (whose getting treatment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Milgrims obedient study and phillip zimbardos prison study |
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Term
| Who studied obedience of authority figures influenced by nazi germany by causing pain with high voltage> |
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Definition
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Term
| Who studied that obedience and commands of situations of normal people. Created a fake prison and watched "good, normal, students" beat up and torture there fellow students? |
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Definition
| Phillip Zimbardo's stanford prison study |
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Term
| What must be correct when reseraching humans? |
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Definition
-informed concent
-respect for persons
-beneficence
-privacy and confidentiallty
-justice |
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Term
| What does informed consent include: |
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Definition
-what the study is about
-what participants will be doing
-How long it will take
-risks and benifits
-who to contact with questions
-withdrawl is possible at any time
-requires signatures of adult or guardian |
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Term
| What is respect for persons: |
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Definition
-study must safeguard the dignity and autonomy of participants
-extra cautions must be taken for special populations (children and prisoners) |
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Term
|
Definition
The good must outweigh the bad
-cost for participants must be minimized and benifits maximized
-deception should be avoided wherever possible
-welfare
-study |
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Term
| What is privacy and confidentiality: |
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Definition
-responses are kept confidentional
-participants identities are not linked to their responses |
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Term
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Definition
| -benifits and costs must be equal amoung all participants |
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Term
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Definition
| the explanation of the purpose of a study following data collection at the very end |
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Term
| What is the IRB (institutional review board) |
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Definition
| organizations that evaluate research proposals to make sure research causes no harm |
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Term
| WHat goes on with reserach with animals? |
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Definition
| it is highly controversial bc animals cant give consent. But it has led to advancements in understanding how the brain works and how to treat dieseases |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the greek word "psychology" mean? |
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Definition
| the (scientific) study of the mind |
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Term
| What is the difference between psychology as a science and psychology as a "folk" |
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Definition
| Psychology is considered a science and has actual scientific research. THe media presents psych as folk. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Makes us aware of how people work (biases, emotions, attitudes)
2. Makes you more aware of how you work
3. Can help be more effective in your career in any field |
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Term
| What is the largest subdiscipline in psych? /where are most PhD's given to? |
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Definition
| Clinical "couch" similar to counselor |
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Term
| What are the subdisciplines of psych? |
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Definition
Behavioral Neural Science
Clinical and Counseling
Cognitive
Developmental
Educational
Forensic
Health
Industrial
Personality
Social
Sports |
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Term
| What are all the subdisciplines concerened with? |
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Definition
| How people think and behave- the subdisciplines are closely intertwined |
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Term
| What is behavioral neuro science and biological psychology? |
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Definition
Neuro-study of links among brain, mind, and behavior
Bio- relationships between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence behavior and thought. |
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Term
| What is clinical and counseling psych? |
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Definition
| diagnosis and treatment of emotional mental and behavioral disorders and promotion of psych health. |
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Term
| Who do clinical psychologists work with? Counciling? |
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Definition
clinical- The people diagnosed with disorders (more specific population)
counseling- general population |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
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Term
| What is developmental psych? What is acquired? |
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Definition
how thought and behavior change and remain stable across a life span.
Acquistion of language and physical development |
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Term
| What is educational psych? |
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Definition
| how students learn, effectivenss of teaching techniques, social psych of school and psych of teach. |
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Term
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Definition
blends psych law and criminal justice to help with custody battles, and expert wittnesses at legal evaluations at trial.
To profile criminals |
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Term
|
Definition
study of the role of psych facts play in regard to health and human illness
-disease prevention and treatment |
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Term
| What is industrial and organizational psych? |
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Definition
| application of psych concepts and questions to work settings |
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Term
| How can industrial/organizational psych be used? |
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Definition
in advortising and marketing
-industrial psychologist can be used in hiring and evaluations. They find the best fit for a job.
-Organizational psychologist focuses on motivation, productivity, satisfaction in the work place. |
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Term
| Which subdiscipline makes the most money? |
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Definition
| In organizational and industrial psych. |
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Term
| What is personality psych? |
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Definition
what makes people unique and the consistencies in people behavio across times and situations.
-decision making |
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Term
|
Definition
how living among others influences our thoughts feelings and behaviors
-How you act when someones watching you
Most famous experiences
what you perceive others think about you |
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Term
|
Definition
study of psych factors in sports and exercise
-uses visualization techniques "imagine winning"
- |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the band metallica used similar to sports psych to overcome stage freight |
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Term
| What is the oldest subdiscipline? Who used it when? |
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Definition
Clinical practice
pre historic times |
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Term
| What is trephination, what time period? |
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Definition
| pre-historic, drilling a hole in a persons head during exorcisms |
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Term
| What are shamas? what time period? |
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Definition
| pre-historic, treated people w/mental problems by driving out demons with elaborate rituals |
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Term
| In prehistoric views vs ancient views what did the ancient people move away from? |
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Definition
| the supernatural explanations/causations. Devils, exorcisms |
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Term
| What did ancient china connect? |
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Definition
| emotional and bodily organs were somehow connected |
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Term
| What did ancient greek and egympt use to treat pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did hippocrates note of? |
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Definition
| acrophobia, fear of heights |
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Term
| Looking between ancient and medievil times, how did the views change? |
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Definition
| return to the supernatural origins starting with renaissance (and the catholic church) demons witches were to blame |
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Term
| In the medievil times, what was a response from the catholic church for treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How were the asylums in the renaissance? |
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Definition
| facilities for treating mentally ill in europe during middle ages thru 19th centuries. Basically to "get them off the street" |
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Term
| Who helped develop more moral treatments for asylum facilities? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who brought the idea of moral treatment to USA? |
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Definition
| Dorothea Dix visited prisons and vowed to change treatments by opening over 30 homes |
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Term
|
Definition
interaction between genes and environment
Nature through nurture |
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Term
| Who thought of mind body dualism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are thoughts on mind and body in western philosophy/eastern? |
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Definition
west-they are seperate
east- they are together |
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Term
| What is modern psych moving towards in views of mind and body? |
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Definition
| away from dualism and towards interdependence |
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Term
| What is the interdependence of mind and body? |
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Definition
| tension or relationship between mind and body. |
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