Term
| What are Biological clocks? |
|
Definition
Structures that control biological rhythms.
Environment synchronizes these.
Light is particularly important. |
|
|
Term
| What are Circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
| Activities that rise and fall along a 24-hour cycle. (Linked to the sun) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short for electroencephalograph. Able to read brain waves this way. |
|
|
Term
| How are brain waves collected? |
|
Definition
| Electrodes pasted to scalp (painless). Changes in electrical potentials of brain cells recorded in the form of line tracings. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 1 of sleep. (Theta waves appear.) |
|
Definition
Light sleep; person may claim to still be awake.
The brain is slowing down, easy to wake up. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 2 of sleep. (Sleep spindles, K complexes.) |
|
Definition
Person definitely asleep, but may respond to some events, such as noises.
Get woken up, you jump and can’t sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Stage 3 and stage 4. (Delta activity.) |
|
Definition
Very deep sleep; non-responsive to most stimuli and slow to awake.
Dreams in this stage, no dreams in stage one and two only thoughts.
Brain literary shuts down.
Deepest stage of sleeping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Begins 70-90 minutes into the sleep cycle.
Changes in physiological pattern including increased heart rate, darting eyes, twitching (watching the dream). |
|
|
Term
| In REM sleep, when looking at the EEG, what does the brain activity resemble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does the sleep cycle occur in one night? How long for each cycle? |
|
Definition
4-5 times a night.
90 minutes each cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definite function for sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two hypothesis of why sleep occurs? |
|
Definition
Repairing/restoring: “Down time” helps repair normal wear and tear on body and brain.
Survival value: Stops us from going out when low light puts us at risk for predators. |
|
|
Term
| what happens when a human is sleep deprived? |
|
Definition
Severe sleep deprivation hurts virtually all aspects of functioning, especially complex tasks. Makes you act oddly, have hallucinations (dreaming awake).
Contributes to accidents. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when an animal is sleep deprived? |
|
Definition
| Internal functions such as temperature can’t be regulated; weight loss; immune system and organ failure, even death, may result. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to lost REM? |
|
Definition
| It is made up in the next night. |
|
|
Term
| What did Freud say dreams are? |
|
Definition
| He claimed they are windows to one's soul, showing our inner desires. |
|
|
Term
What is Manifest content?
What is Latent content? |
|
Definition
The story line of a dream.
What the dream means to the dreamer. |
|
|
Term
| What is Activation (synthesis hypothesis)? |
|
Definition
| Dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random patterns of neural activity. Meaning the dream means nothing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biological or physiological disorders of sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental aspects of sleep disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
Many causes. Mostly caused by anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic excessive sleepiness.
One cause is sleep apnea. Physiological way the body suffocates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden extreme sleepiness. Goes directly into dream state, causing paralysis. Rare. |
|
|
Term
When do nightmares take place?
What are nightmares? |
|
Definition
Takes place in the dream state, REM.
Frightening, anxiety-arousing dreams that occur primarily during REM sleep. You can remember what happened. |
|
|
Term
| When do night terrors take place? What are night terrors? |
|
Definition
Takes place in Stages 3 and 4, not REM sleep.
Sleeper awakens suddenly in an extreme state of panic. Cannot remember what happened, simply scream, and sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleeper rises during sleep and wanders about. Cannot take place during REM. Takes place in stage 3 or 4. Acts out everyday occurrences like performing ordinary tasks. |
|
|
Term
True or False?
Night terrors and sleepwalking happen during non-REM sleep, never go away with age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any form of social interaction that produces a heightened state of suggestibility in a willing participant. You have to give permission. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A deep sleep. Something that happens only to weak-willed people. |
|
|
Term
| What are some possible effects of hypnosis? |
|
Definition
Respond to commands in ways that seem automatic, involuntary.
Anesthesia.
Maybe some memory enhancement. |
|
|
Term
| What is Hypnotic dissociations? |
|
Definition
| Consciousness splits into multiple forms of awareness. |
|
|
Term
| What is social role playing? |
|
Definition
| Hypnotized person conforms to what they expect will happen. Like acting out a role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique for self-induced manipulation of awareness, often used for the purpose of relaxation and self-awareness. |
|
|
Term
| What are psychoactive drugs? |
|
Definition
Drugs that affect behavior and mental processes through alterations of conscious awareness.
Work mainly by changing communication channels of neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body adapts to compensate for continued use of a drug, such that increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condition in which an individual experiences physical or psychological need for the drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). Examples: Ethyl alcohol; barbiturates, tranquilizers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase activity of the CNS.
Examples: Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA (Ecstasy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depress CNS activity, reduce pain and produce euphoria.
Examples: opium, heroin, morphine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depress CNS activity, reduce pain and produce euphoria.
Examples: opium, heroin, morphine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Affect perception, distort idea of reality.
Examples: LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, marijuana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caused by a lack – deficit.
Differ from each other in type and amount.
Propel people to perceive, think and act in ways that serve to satisfy a need. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Always an action, drives you to satisfy a need. Psychological states that arise in response to internal physiological needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process through which body maintains a steady state. |
|
|
Term
| Describe some aspects of thirst (Physiological). |
|
Definition
Most basic physiological drive.
When your brain realizes that your body is low on water it reacts.
Pituitary gland secretes an anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). |
|
|
Term
| Some effect of drinking alcohol? |
|
Definition
Drinking beer suppresses ADH.
Alcohol suppress water absorption.
Hang-overs are a result of loss of water in the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is external motivation? |
|
Definition
External factors in the environment that exert “pulling” effects on our actions.
Example: Good grades motivate you to study. |
|
|
Term
| What is internal motivation? |
|
Definition
Goal-directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated
Actions that are rewarding for their own sake
Can actually be reduced by external rewards.
Example: Rewarding children for drawing makes drawing less intrinsically rewarding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Natural body weight. Weight loss below a person’s set point is often regained.
Number of fat cells, metabolic rate may contribute to set point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Natural body weight. Weight loss below a person’s set point is often regained.
Number of fat cells, metabolic rate may contribute to set point. |
|
|
Term
| What is Anorexia Nervosa? |
|
Definition
Once called “saints”.
Condition in which an otherwise healthy person refuses to maintain a normal weight because of intense fear of overweight.
People with anorexia appear extremely thin.
Serious, chronic condition that can cause low blood pressure, loss of bone density, digestive problems, even death.
Perfectionist, seek control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involves binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, laxative abuse)
People with bulimia may appear to be of normal weight, unlike those with anorexia.
Like those with anorexia, people with bulimia are fearful of weight gain.
Can lead to tooth decay, intestinal damage.
Seek control. |
|
|
Term
| What is Achievement Motivation? |
|
Definition
| Internal drive or need for achievement, possessed by all individuals to varying degrees. Reflected by how much a person values, needs individual achievement. |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? |
|
Definition
| Physiological needs, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self actualization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emotions are complex psychological events with several distinct components.
Physiological (body) response, usually arousal. Brain response (amygdal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subjective experience, such as a feeling. (positive or negative) |
|
|
Term
| Emotions lead to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is James-Lange Somatic theory about emotional arousal? |
|
Definition
Body informs the mind. Also Facial Feedback model.
All emotions first start in the body and has nothing to do with the brain. |
|
|
Term
| What is Cannon-Bard Theory about emotional arousal? |
|
Definition
Dual processing of Stimulus, brain amygdal. Amygdal and brain in charge. Specific physical arousal. Mental and physical are separate.
Brain taught the body what emotions are. Flip of the first theory. |
|
|
Term
| What is Two factor model (Schachter & Singer) about emotional arousal? |
|
Definition
| Mind body interaction – constant appraisal of every situation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Germinal (Period: 0-2 weeks). |
|
Definition
Time from conception to when the zygote implants. Cells are being formed.
Takes place in the tubes. |
|
|
Term
| what is the Embryonic stage(Period: 2-8 weeks)? |
|
Definition
Heartbeat begins, recognizable body parts appear, sexual differential begins.
After it gets attached to the placenta, but has no real human shape. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Fetal period (Period: 9th week – birth)? |
|
Definition
Last 3 months: Rapid growth of body and brain.
Arms legs, formation happens for apparently. |
|
|
Term
| When is the age of viability? |
|
Definition
| End of second trimester (6 months). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looks like a little ball of cells. No shape. |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that affect the fetus/embryo? |
|
Definition
| Mother’s health. Mother’s diet. Substances such as nicotine, alcohol. Certain diseases, such as German measles (rubella). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental agents that can damage the developing child. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during infancy growth? |
|
Definition
Brain growth.
Reaches 75% of adult size.
Most growth is in size/complexity of neurons, not addition of new neurons.
Environment affects brain development.
Motor development.
Most crawl, stand, and walk at roughly same ages. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during infancy and childhood growth? |
|
Definition
Maturation:
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
Relatively uninfluenced by experience
Sets the course for development while experience adjusts it
Brain does not make new nerves, it makes new connections. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during toddlerhood and adolescence? |
|
Definition
Coordination, general processing speed increase throughout childhood.
Puberty (sexual maturity) |
|
|
Term
| When do strength and agility begin to decline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infants an recognize voices within _______ of birth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mental models used to guide and interpret experiences.
Inaccurate early in childhood.
Become more adult-like throughout childhood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Use their schemas in light of new information (perhaps creating a new schema). Meaning meeting an object that does not fit in a schema gets put into a new one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changing (revise) existing schemata to accommodate new (adding on) experiences. |
|
|
Term
| What are Piaget's four stages? |
|
Definition
| First Sensorimotor Period, The Preoperational Period, The concrete Operations, and The Formal Operational Period. |
|
|
Term
| Describe First Sensorimotor Period. |
|
Definition
Birth to about age 2.
Schemata revolve around babies’ sensory, motor ability.
Early in first year, babies lack object permanence.
By age 1L Can remember, represent object symbolically. |
|
|
Term
| Describe First Sensorimotor Period. |
|
Definition
Birth to about age 2.
Schemata revolve around babies’ sensory, motor ability.
Early in first year, babies lack object permanence.
By age 1L Can remember, represent object symbolically. |
|
|
Term
| What is object permanence? |
|
Definition
| when babies fail to realize that objects still exist when out of sight. |
|
|
Term
| Describe The Preoperational Period. |
|
Definition
About ages 2 through 7
Schemata become more sophisticated but some errors still persist
Difficulty understanding conservation.
Example: Have dough and changed the shape, but think another shape contains more shape. Trouble concept of change. If it looks different, it is different to them.
Why -> Possibly centration, difficulty understanding reversibility
Egocentrism: Seeing world from own perspective only. |
|
|
Term
| Describe The concrete Operations. |
|
Definition
About ages 7 through 11
Now have the ability to verbalize, visualize, and mentally manipulate objects.
Understand reversibility, conservation.
Can perform elementary logical tasks (math, problem solving), but difficulty with true abstract thinking like hypothetical questions. |
|
|
Term
| Describe The Formal Operational Period. |
|
Definition
Approximately adolescence (age 11 to adulthood).
Can consider imaginary concepts, hypothesize, think in the abstract.
Can use systematic ways of solving problems.
Thinking is now adult-like. |
|
|
Term
| What is Cross-Sectional Study? |
|
Definition
| A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |
|
|
Term
| What is Longitudinal Study? |
|
Definition
| Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period (Cohort). Much better way to study development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people born at about the same time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group difference that can be account for by life experience. Growing up in the 60’s vs. Growing up in the 90’s is a cohort effect. The draft vs. No draft is a cohort effect. |
|
|
Term
| What is Crystallized Intelligence? |
|
Definition
One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
Tends to increase with age. |
|
|
Term
| What is Fluid Intelligence? |
|
Definition
One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
Tends to decrease during late adulthood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the US about 20-25 % of the people over 75 suffer from Alzheimers.
Different than dementia.
Will happen to all people, and can start at the age of 40.
It is the 4th leading cause of death in the US.
1 in 4 chance of having the disease if you reach 90.
Early Symptoms are problems in the area of language.
Then Short term memory is effected. (eg, misplacing items forgetting name of person you just met.)
Finally changes in mood.
Plaque and tangles in the brain when this disease hits. |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat the progression of Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did the Surrogate Mother Experiments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quality of emotional bond between infants and caregiver. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what a Securely attached (62%) baby does without it's mother. |
|
Definition
Explore room while mother is present.
Don’t seem overly fearful of stranger.
Although show distress when mother leaves, they display signs of comfort and pleasure when she returns. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what an Avoidant (23%) baby does without it's mother. |
|
Definition
Do not appear upset by new situation.
Ignore mother while present, indifferent to her absence.
Don’t seek her comfort when she returns. |
|
|
Term
| Describe what an Anxious/ambivalent (15%) baby does without it's mother. |
|
Definition
Do not explore room and remain close to mother.
Get very distressed when she leaves, continue to express distress when she returns.
May express anger toward mother when she returns. |
|
|
Term
| What is the critical period? |
|
Definition
| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
First thing they see, they think it is their mother. |
|
|
Term
| Who splayed an important role in social development theories? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Basic Trust (birth to age 1)? |
|
Definition
| A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy. |
|
|
Term
| What is Autonomy vs doubt (age 2)? |
|
Definition
Involves success in easy tasks so she will feel capable.
Walking, talking, trying to learn independence. |
|
|
Term
| What is Initiative vs guilt (age 3-5)? |
|
Definition
Beginning to explore world may feel guilty if they go too far.
Wanting to dress themselves, building an inner confidGoing to school success means they develop a sense of industry failure.... Inferiority
What teachers say to you become important, peers and friends have an influence.ence to a child who can say “I can do these things.” |
|
|
Term
| What is Industry vs inferiority (age 6 – puberty)? |
|
Definition
Going to school success means they develop a sense of industry failure.... Inferiority
What teachers say to you become important, peers and friends have an influence. |
|
|
Term
| What is Identity vs Role confusion (13 – 20)? |
|
Definition
One’s sense of self. Wants their own ideas, throwing off what parents wanted.
The adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |
|
|
Term
| What is Intimacy vs isolation (20 – 30)? |
|
Definition
The ability to form close, loving relationships.
A primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |
|
|
Term
| What is Generativity vs stagnation(Middle Adulthood – 30/40 to 60)? |
|
Definition
| In middle age one usually discovers a sense of purpose through family or job – or they feel a lack of purpose. |
|
|
Term
| What is Integrity vs despair (Old Age – after 60 or retirement)? |
|
Definition
| Reflecting on life one feels a sense of satisfaction or failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Set of psychological characteristics that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across situations.
Involves the study of individual differences in personality traits. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three basic perspectives? |
|
Definition
Psychoanalytic
Trait
Humanistic |
|
|
Term
| Describe some Psychoanalytic Perspective aspects. |
|
Definition
| From Freud’s theory that proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
You are born with this, the want. Wants it all and wants it now.
Operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Harder to control, in the unconscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Freud likes this.
It is learned, not born with it and is in the conscious brain.
The part of personality that presents internalized ideals.
Provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.
Moral system and conscience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality.
Mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and ego.
Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Balances the two, makes you ‘you’. |
|
|
Term
| What is a defense mechanism? |
|
Definition
Different parts of personality are in constant conflict, especially with regard to the id.
Defense mechanisms ward off the resulting anxiety from these confrontations. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four Arsenal of Defense Mechanisms? |
|
Definition
Denial/repression
Rationalization
Projection
Sublimation |
|
|
Term
| What is Repression or Denial? |
|
Definition
The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Forgetting something and pushing it away. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Projecting one’s thoughts, opinions, etc. into someone else. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rechanneling of unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. |
|
|
Term
| What is free association? |
|
Definition
Method of exploring the unconscious.
Person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
|
|
Term
| Who are the Neo-Freudians? |
|
Definition
| Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung. |
|
|
Term
| What did Carl Jung study? |
|
Definition
| Emphasized the collective unconscious. |
|
|
Term
| What is Karen Horney study? |
|
Definition
| Sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases. |
|
|
Term
| What did Alfred Adler study? |
|
Definition
| Importance of childhood social tension. |
|
|
Term
| What is Humanistic Perspective focused on? |
|
Definition
| Client focused, not therapist centered. |
|
|
Term
| Who is Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)? |
|
Definition
| Studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln) |
|
|
Term
| What is Self-Actualization? |
|
Definition
The ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.
The motivation to fulfill one’s potential. |
|
|
Term
| Who is Carl Rogers (1902-1987)? |
|
Definition
Focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals.
Requires three conditions:
-Genuineness. People want to be told to truth. Trust
-Acceptance: Unconditional positive regard.
-Empathy |
|
|
Term
| What is Unconditional Positive Regard? |
|
Definition
| An attitude of total acceptance toward another person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question “Who am I?”
Identity is someone else sees what you are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One’s feelings of high or low self-worth.
Humanists first to bring this up. |
|
|
Term
| What is Self-Serving Bias? |
|
Definition
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
We always want to make us look good, basically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A characteristic pattern of behavior.
Part of the pattern, but separate units.
A disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. |
|
|
Term
| What is a Personality Inventory? |
|
Definition
| A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mathematical procedure used to analyze correlations among test responses. |
|
|
Term
| How many main personality traits did Cattell come up with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eysenck used a similar approach, but argued that there are really only 3 main factors called primary dimensions or superfactors. What are they? |
|
Definition
| Extroversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness. |
|
|
