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Psych exam Four
N/A
92
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2010

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Term
Phillip Pinel
Definition
An early French physician who released psychiatric patients from their chains and began treating them humanely.
Term
Dorothea Dix
Definition
A school teacher who worked to alert the public to the plight of mental patients. She is credited with founding 32 mental hospitals throughout the US.
Term
Psychodynamic Explanation for abnormal behavior
Definition
The view that abnormal behavior is caused by stress and should be treated with psychotherapy.
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
an approach to treatment in which an individual talks to a mental health pro in an attempt to cope with it.
Term
Learning explanation for abnormal behavior
Definition
the view that abnormal behavior is learned and should be treated through extinction or relearning.
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
treatment that is based on learning and in which the focus is on changing behaviors.
Term
cognitive explanation
Definition
the view that abnormal behavior is caused by incorrect beliefs and should be treated with cognitive therapy
Term
cognitive therapy
Definition
a patient eliminates incorrect beliefs and this helps to change behaviors
Term
physiological explanation for abnormal behavior
Definition
the view that abnormal behavior is caused by brain issues.
Term
drug therapy
Definition
using drugs to change levels of neurotransmitters to change behaviors
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
A group of disorders (phobias, generalized anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress, and OCD) in which the major symptom is anxiety
Term
Phobia
Definition
an irrational fear. usually a classically conditioned response to the fear stimulus, but also can stem from incorrect beliefs.
Term
Systematic Desensitization
Definition
a treatment for phobias where the patient is taught to relax in the presence of the "scary" stimulus they usually have a phobic response to.
Term
Generalized anxiety disorder
Definition
a disorder that involves pervasive anxiety that lasts for at least a month and has no particular cost. Caused by excessive activity in the amygdala and low levels of GABA (the neurotransmitter involved with inhibitory neurons)
Term
GABA
Definition
a neurotransmitter that is released by inhibitory neurons, low levels are associated with anxiety
Term
panic disorder
Definition
involves a sudden onset of intense anxiety that only lasts a few minutes.
Term
Respiratory control center
Definition
A cluster of neurons n the brain stem that monitors CO2 levels in the blood and it can send false suffocation alarms that trigger a panic attack.
Term
Serotonin
Definition
inhibits activity in the respiratory control center to reduce panics. low levels cause OCD, Depression, and lead to impulsivity.
Term
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Definition
a disorder involving "flashbacks" to a previous high stress event. can be treated with extinction
Term
Exposure with Response Prevention
Definition
A treatment for OCD in which the individual is exposed to the situation that triggers the ritual but they are not allowed to perform the ritual
Term
Somatoform disorders
Definition
disorders in which individuals report symptoms of a physical disorder but a physical cause for the symptoms cannot be found
Term
Somatization disorder
Definition
A somatoform disorder in which individuals have many somatic complaints
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
A somatoform disorder in which individuals interpret minor symptoms as symptoms of serious disorders
Term
pain disorder
Definition
somatoform disorder in which individuals report pains that have no physiological causes
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition
A somatoform disorder in which individuals report major symptoms involving motor or sensory functions
Term
body dysmorphic disorder
Definition
a somatoform disorder in which individuals have too much concern about an imagined body deformity they supposedly have
Term
Causes of Somatoforms
Definition
a) incorrect beliefs that stem from suggestion, b) stress that leads to symptoms, c) over sensitivity leads to individuals to misinterpret normal responses as symptoms.
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
disorders where an individual separates themselves from periods of time or aspects of their personality that are threatening.
Term
Dissociative amnesia
Definition
individuals lose their memory for periods of time in which stressful events occurred
Term
dissociative fugue
Definition
individuals lose their memory for the entire preceding life, move to a new locale and start over.
Term
Dissociative identity disorder
Definition
individuals develop 2 or more separate personalities, some might not be aware of others. previously called multiple personality disorder.
Term
Controversy surrounding Diss. Identity disorder
Definition
Psychologists have "suggested" this disorder to patients, meaning it does not stem from "multiple personalities."
Term
depersonalization disorder
Definition
an individual feels detached from their body or mind.
Term
mood disorders
Definition
involve extremes of mood that range from depression to mania. Depressive and Bipolar are the 2 main disorders
Term
depressive disorder
Definition
Depression
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
mild depression
Term
Social support & aerobic exercise
Definition
are both factors that can reduce depression.
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
low levels cause depression
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
controls mood, appetite, sex, and sleep.
Term
Tryptophan
Definition
contained in dairy products and turkey, tryptophan is converted into serotonin by the body.
Term
Left prefrontal cortex
Definition
plays a role in thinking and depression.
Term
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
Definition
drugs that reduce depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, therefore making more available at the synapse
Term
Stimulants
Definition
increase production of neurotransmitters and reduce depression
Term
St. John's Wort
Definition
an herbal remedy that may be effective for treating depression
Term
ECT
Definition
also called "shock therapy", the shocks cause convulsions that may help reduce depression.
Term
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation
Definition
using electromagnets to stimulate neurons in the left frontal lobe to treat depression
Term
Depression with Seasonal Pattern
Definition
depression is stronger in the winter because of reduced light. Previously called Seasonal affective disorder.
Term
Light therapy
Definition
Used to treat depression with seasonal pattern
Term
postpartum depression
Definition
depression occurring in women shortly after they give birth.
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
a mood disorder where individuals experience cycles of mania and depression
Term
Lithium
Definition
used to treat bipolar disorder
Term
Anticonvulsant drugs
Definition
drugs used to treat epilepsy that are also effective for treating Bipolar disorder
Term
Covert suicides
Definition
suicides disguised as accidents
Term
suicide gestures
Definition
behaviors that appear to be suicidal but are not really supposed to kill the individual
Term
suicide can be caused by:
Definition
1) depression and hopelessness, 2) social modeling, 3) low levels of serotonin reduce inhibitions.
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
a serious disorder involving symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disruptions of thought
Term
delusions
Definition
bizarre beliefs that are held despite evidence to the contrary
Term
cognitive flooding
Definition
the inability to screen out irrelevant stimuli
Term
inappropriate emotional responses
Definition
depression or mania as a part of schizophrenia
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Definition
Disorganized (classic), Catatonic, Paranoid, Residual, Undifferentiated
Term
Positive Symptoms
Definition
Hallucinations, delusions, disrupted thoughts caused by high levels of dopamine
Term
negative symptoms
Definition
symptoms such as apathy and poverty of thought, caused by low levels of activity in the brain due to deterioration of structures.
Term
season of birth
Definition
the fact that persons with schizophrenia are more likely to be born in Jan, Feb, or Mar right after Flu season.
Term
Neuroleptics
Definition
Drugs used to treat Schizophrenia (they fit into dopamine receptors, treating positive symptoms)
Term
Tardive Dyskinesia
Definition
A side effect of some neuroleptics, involuntary motor movements
Term
atypical neuroleptics
Definition
newer drugs that are more effective and cause less side effects
Term
Psychoeducation
Definition
A treatment for schizophrenia where the patient and his or her family is educated about the disorder and how to cope.
Term
Token economy
Definition
individuals are given rewards for normal behaviors and the rewards are withdrawn when symptoms are present
Term
ADHD
Definition
A disorder in which the symptoms revolve around the inability to maintain attention and or excessive physical activity. Caused by low levels of activity that usually inhibits shifts in attention
Term
Autism
Definition
apparent shortly after birth and results in problems with social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
fall somewhere between normal adjustment and serious disorders such as schizophrenia
Term
antisocial personality disorder
Definition
revolves around lack of anxiety that would normally inhibit inappropriate behaviors
Term
Treatment of Antisocial Personality
Definition
Low levels of serotonin cause, so antidepressants can help.
Term
Incompetence to Stand Trial
Definition
A judgment that is used to postpone a trial if an individual cannot understand the charges or participate in his or her defense
Term
insanity
Definition
A legal judgment in which it is decided that an individual is not responsible for his/her illegal acts
Term
Daniel M/Naghten
Definition
A man who in 1843 murdered another man but was found not guilty by reason of insanity
Term
the M'Naghten rule
Definition
A rule for deciding insanity; based primarily on the knowledge of right versus wrong.
Term
irresistible impulse (or the Elbow Rule)
Definition
A rule that is sometimes used to determine insanity; applied when an individual could not control his or her behavior because of emotions
Term
American Law Institute Rule
Definition
another rule for deciding insanity; included in the justification is the presence of a mental disease or defect.
Term
Guilty but Mentally ill
Definition
a legal ruling that an individual who committed a criminal act is mentally ill and therefore should be treated but is also guilty so should be punished.
Term
voluntary commitment
Definition
A procedure in which an individual agrees to be committed to a mental hospital but can later request a release.
Term
Involuntary commitment
Definition
a procedure in which an individual is committed to a mental hospital against his/her will because that person is a threat to himself or others.
Term
deinstitutionalization
Definition
a movement to discharge mental patients from hospitals and treat them in a community setting.
Term
Outpatient clinic
Definition
a clinic usually in a hospital where patients can walk in for treatment during the day
Term
community mental health centers
Definition
conveniently located mental health clinics in which the focus is on treating individuals while they remain at home and on preventing symptoms from arising
Term
Halfway house
Definition
a residential facility where patients can live for short periods of time while making a transition from hospitalization back to living in the community
Term
day and night hospital
Definition
mental hospitals in which one group of patients lives during the day and then goes home at night and another group lives at night and goes home during the day
Term
asylums
Definition
places of refuge that are needed when an individual must overcome a crisis
Term
culture-bound disorders
Definition
disorders limited to one culture
Term
Atypical Anti-depressants
Definition
work by raising dopamine levels in the pleasure center to overwhelm depression
Term

Hallucinations are triggered by:

 

Definition
High levels of activity in the TEMPORAL lobes!
Term
behaviors are abnormal if...
Definition
they distress, disable, and deviate the individual
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