Term
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Definition
| Sensation occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity |
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Term
| Just noticeable differences (jnd)(difference threshold) |
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Definition
| A jnd is the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time, where the difference is always a constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| An absolute threshold is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| When stimuli act upon the unconscious mind and influence behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging. |
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Term
| Perception of Light: Brightness |
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Definition
| determind by the amplitude of the waves, higher the wave, the brighter the light |
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Term
| Perception of Light: Color |
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Definition
| Color(hue) is determind by the length of the wave. Long wave are in the red end and short waves are in the blue end. |
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Term
| Perception of Light: Saturation |
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Definition
| refers to the purity of the color pople perceive. Highly saturated looks like a pure color without mixing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The clear membrane that covers the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| vision improving technique that cuts into the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| A clear, watery fluid that is behind the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| a hole on the interior of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a round muscle that can change the size of the pupil |
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Term
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Definition
| finishes the focusing begun by the cornea |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder where the lens harden due to aging |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner clear jelly-like fluid that also nourishes the eye and helps with shape |
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Term
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Definition
| a light-sensitive area at the back of the eye containing 3 layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light |
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Term
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Definition
| visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light. |
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Term
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Definition
| the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights |
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Term
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Definition
| the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones red, blue, and green. |
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Term
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Definition
| images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| the visible part of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The snail shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of exons from the hair cells in the inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti. (above 1000 Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane. (Below 100 Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of pitch that states that frequencies about 100 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Olfaction (olfactory sense) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| area of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the sensations of movement, balance, and body position. |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting is dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
| the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret an object a always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when light conditions change. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background. |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken up pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions |
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Term
| Monocular Cues (Pictoral Depth Cues) |
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Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only |
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Term
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Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much further away. |
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Term
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Definition
| the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away. |
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Term
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Definition
| as a monocular clue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence of objects are distant |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in images between the two eyes, which is grreater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects |
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Term
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Definition
| illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different. |
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Term
| Perceptual Set (Perceptual Expectancy) |
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert |
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Term
| altered state of consciousness |
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Definition
| state in which there is a shift in the quality of pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period. |
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Term
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Definition
| brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irratibility |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights |
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Term
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Definition
| bad dreams occurring during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. |
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Term
| sleepwalking (somnambulism) |
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Definition
| occurring during deep sleep, an episode of moving around or walking around in one's sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning |
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Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| explanation hat states that dreams are crated by higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods |
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Term
| activation-information-mode model (AIM) |
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Definition
| revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion |
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Term
| social-cognitive theory of hypnosis |
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Definition
| theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug |
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Term
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Definition
| physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well being |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulants that are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant |
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Term
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Definition
| the active ingredient in tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances |
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Term
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Definition
| depressant drugs that have a sedative effect |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter |
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Term
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Definition
| substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality |
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Term
| LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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Definition
| powerful synthetic hallucinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogen effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects |
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Term
| stimulatory hallucinogens |
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Definition
| drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
| mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that has no effect on the desired response |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absense of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned emotional response (CER) |
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Definition
| emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person |
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Term
| conditioned taste aversion |
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Definition
| development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning |
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Term
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Definition
| original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together |
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Term
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Definition
| modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur becaue the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
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Term
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Definition
| law stating that in an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior that is voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again |
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Term
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Definition
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tickets, or gold stars. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again |
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Term
| punishment by application |
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Definition
| the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
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Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens |
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Term
| applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
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Term
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Definition
| using of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior |
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Term
| learning/performance distinction |
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Definition
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
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