Term
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Definition
| the person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| (after philosopher Rene Descartes) a mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by the mind's eye |
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Term
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Definition
| how things seem to the conscious person |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body |
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Term
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Definition
| a task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear |
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Term
| cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby |
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Term
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Definition
| a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may out behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct level of consciousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object |
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Term
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Definition
| the attempt to change conscious states of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the conscious avoidance of a thought |
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Term
| rebound effect of thought suppression |
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Definition
| the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression |
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Term
| ironic processes of mental control |
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Definition
| mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can itself produce them |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental processes that give rise to the person's thoughts, choice, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person |
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Term
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Definition
| a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving |
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Term
| altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
| forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that measures eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the person arises and walks around while asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of walking activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the experience of waking up unable to move |
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Term
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Definition
| abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a dream's true underlying meaning |
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Term
| activation-synthesis model |
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Definition
| the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep |
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Term
| activation-synthesis model |
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Definition
| the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for larger doses of a drug to be required over time to achieve the same effect |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a study design in which behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels |
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Term
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Definition
| highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain |
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Term
| endorphins or endogenous opiates |
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Definition
| neurotransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role in how the brain copes internally with pain and stress |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| the leaves and buds of the hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that one's actions are occurring involuntarily |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of intentional contemplation |
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Term
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Definition
| specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health |
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Term
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Definition
| a source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, virus, and other foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the trauma to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| avoidance situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| facing a stressor and working to overcome it |
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Term
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Definition
| finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat |
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Term
| stress inoculation training (SIT) |
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Definition
| a therapy that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function |
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Term
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Definition
| the aid gained through interacting with others |
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Term
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Definition
| a clinically significant psychological or physiological response to a therapeutically inert substance or placebo |
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Term
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Definition
| an interaction between mind and body that can produce illness |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological disorder involving combinations of multiple physical complaints with no medical explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary- but that the person experiences as involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness |
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Term
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Definition
| the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| an experience involving affection, trust, and concert for a partner's well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of continuity and change across the life span |
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Term
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Definition
| a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to execute physical action |
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Term
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Definition
| specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the "top-to-bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to feet |
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Term
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Definition
| the "inside-to-outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to understand the world |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it |
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Term
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Definition
| theories about or models of the way the world works |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others' minds and learn to reason abstractly |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style |
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Term
| internal working model of attachment |
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Definition
| a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18-21 years of age) |
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Term
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Definition
| the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of mind and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| our private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
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Term
| functional magnetic resonance imaging |
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Definition
| fMRI, allows scientists to "scan" a brain and see which parts are active |
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Term
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Definition
| processes that promote the welfare and reproduction of organisms that engage in those processes |
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Term
| why are emotions adaptive? |
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Definition
| they function as signals that tell us when we are putting ourselves in harm's way |
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Term
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Definition
| relying on well-learned habits that they execute without really thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn |
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory input from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective observation of one's own experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations |
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Term
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Definition
| errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| a condition that involves the occurrence of two or more distinct identities within the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
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Term
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Definition
| a system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest meaningful units of language |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning of a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity |
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Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty in producing or comprehending language |
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Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation that groups or categories shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
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Term
| category-specific deficit |
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Definition
| a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed |
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Term
| family resemblance theory |
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Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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