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| the study of how the mind interprets physical properties of stimuli. |
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| the process through which our sense organs receive information from the environment |
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| the process by which physical energy is converted into sensory neural impulses. |
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| the process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations. |
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| the smallest amount of stimulation that will be detected 50% of the time |
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| visual absolute threshold |
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Definition
| lit candle 30 miles away on a dark clear night |
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| one drop of perfume in a 6 bdrm apartment |
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| auditory absolute threshold |
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| tick of a watch 20 feet away in complete silence |
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| one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water. |
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| the wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a 1cm height |
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| Just Noticeable Difference JND |
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Definition
| the smallest amount of change in a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time. |
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| any stimulus that does not reach the threshold. you are not conscious of these stimuli. |
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| allows light to enter the eye |
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Definition
| fluid that runs between the cornea and the iris. First of two liquids in the eyes. |
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| the colored part of the eye. Is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil |
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| is the hole in the eye where the light comes through |
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Definition
| brings image into focus by changing shape |
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| lens accommodation (anatomy) |
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Definition
| the lens rounds out for viewing of close up objects, and flatten for further away |
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Definition
| fills the interior of the eye. |
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Definition
| light is sent here, back of eye, to be converted from physical to electromagnetic signals. |
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| The retina is lined with _____ |
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Definition
| photoreceptors that absorb light energy and respond by creating neural impulses. |
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| highest concentration of cones and rods in the back of the eye. more cones, as you move away from fovea ratio of rods-cones goes up. |
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| the amount of time it takes for eyes to become adapted. more light sensitive to see in dark . 8 min cones, 20-25 rods. |
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Definition
| diminishing responsiveness of sensory systems due to prolonged stimulation. |
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Definition
| the whole is greater than the sum of it's parts. |
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Definition
| the closer objects are together, the more likely they are to be understood as one |
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Definition
| objects of similar shape, size, or color tend to be grouped together . catergorized. |
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| law of continuity/continuation |
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Definition
| lines that bend, weave, etc tend to be perceived as one line. |
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Definition
| when gaps lie in lines, etc, we tend to close them. |
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| when a group of individuals moves together, they are perceived as one. (birds) |
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| when we use already gained knowledge to help us interpret a new stimulus |
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Definition
| when the properties of a stimulus are used to build our perception of the stimulus |
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. |
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Definition
| tendency to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. |
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| observational learning/modeling |
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Definition
| learning that takes place from modeling/watching and learning |
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Definition
Ivan Pavlov. (USC) footsteps makes dogs (UCR) salivate.
stimulus.
response. |
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Term
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Definition
| using classical conditioning, John B. Watson wanted to show how you could teach someone to fear an object. banging gong at sighting of white rat. after 6 pairings, albert cried at sight of rat. |
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| extinction in classical conditioning |
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Definition
| when a stimulus is not presented after a period of time, it loses hold on the conditioned response. |
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| spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning |
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Definition
| if a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditional stimulus again, the conditioned response will return. |
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| generalization in classical conditioning |
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Definition
| when a response is conditioned, all similar stimuli will elict a similar response. |
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Definition
| process through which organisms learn to to behave in certain ways in order to produce a desired outcome. ex. rat with waterbottle. |
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| operant conditioning reinforcement |
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Definition
| any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a responce you desire. |
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Term
| operant conditioning punishment |
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Definition
| any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a response. |
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Term
| operant conditioning pos. and neg reinforcement. |
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Definition
| increse likelihood of a response. POS adds something to situation (reward), NEG subtracts something from situation. |
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Term
| operant conditioning pos and neg punishment |
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Definition
| trying to decrease the likelihood of of a response or behavior . POS decrease likelihood by adding something (spanking) to situation, NEG decrease likelihood by subtracting something (fines). |
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Term
| schedules of reinforcement/punishment FIXED RATIO |
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Definition
| when reinforcement or punishment is given after a set number of behaviors. |
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| schedules of reinforcement/punishment VARIABLE RATIO |
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Definition
| a reinforcement or punishment given after a variable number of behaviors. |
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Term
| SHAPING (reinforcing/punishing) |
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Definition
| reinforcing behaviors similar to the desired behavior in an attempt to produce the desired behavior. |
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Definition
| a relatively permanent record of neural changes in response to experience. |
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Definition
| the brains ability to make new connections as a result of experience. |
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Definition
| brains ability to lose connections that are not maintained. |
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Definition
| broad area where all memories start out. not the conscious brain. memory lasts .5 to 3 seconds. |
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| short term memory/working memory |
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Definition
| smaller than the sensory memory store. lasts about 20 sec, repetition can make something stay here longer. 7 plus/minus 2 things in STM. can be increased through chunking. |
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Definition
| grouping of items together to make them easier to remember. phone numbers, dates, etc. |
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| found in STM. ADD, ADHD, etc are associate with STM. |
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Definition
| semi-permanent memory storage. if you dont use it, you lose it. |
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Term
| Long term memory- IMPLICIT |
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Definition
| procedural memory. unconsciously recalling steps, because we have a particular skill. etc. how to ride a bike. |
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Term
| Long term Memory - EXPLICIT |
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Definition
| declarative memory- things you can recall because you remember them. |
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| long term memory- EPISODIC |
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Definition
| remembering in episodes, like what you did over the weekend. |
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| long term memory. SEMANTIC- |
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Definition
| tip of the tongue syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit memory is usually intact, explicit memory is damaged. |
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Definition
| active process typically happening between sensory memory store and STM process. |
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Definition
| studies on rehearsal and effect on memory. |
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Definition
| conscious cycling of information to help remember. (1) maintenance rehearsal low level. (2) elaborative rehearsal more complex. (2) makes deeper memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| ways of percieving, organizing, processing, and using information that is stored up in our memory. navigate new stimuli by using schemas (top down processing). |
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