Term
| Our senses bring us raw data about the enviroment; what would happen if we didn't interpret the information? |
|
Definition
| the world around us would be nothing but confusion |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The eye records patterns of light and dark, but it deos not "see" a bird flying
The eardrum vibrates in a particular fashion, but it does not "hear" a symphony |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deciphering meaningful patterns in the jumble of sensory information is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who set out to discover the basic principles of perception? |
|
Definition
| Gestalt pyschologists (German) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Perception was frist described by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Gestalt psychologists suggest abotu perception? |
|
Definition
that it is more than the sum of its parts (we often see patterns that aren't actually there, they aren't part of the sensations we recieve)
ex: see a dead kitten on the side of the road and it is actually a t-shirt |
|
|
Term
| Since we often see or hear things that are not part of the sensations our brain recieves, what does this say abotu perception? |
|
Definition
| that thought is invovled; you percieve things becuase that is what you think you are going to see |
|
|
Term
| What is one important aspect of perception? |
|
Definition
| distinguishing figures from ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an entity that stands apart from the background |
|
|
Term
| Example of figure and ground |
|
Definition
| Ms. Knapp is a figure against the ground of the wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the background against which a figure appears |
|
|
Term
| Sometimes there aren't enough cues to tell which part of the picture is the figure and which is the ground. Give an example of this. |
|
Definition
Zebra Camouflage
(the black and white works as a camouflage becuase you can't pick out a figure from the ground) |
|
|
Term
| What are the groups that we tend ot organizse our perceptions in? |
|
Definition
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Connectedness
Closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group nearby forms together
(groups of dots - see as two seperate groups) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group similar figures together
(square and circle columns) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percieve smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perceive uniform, linked figures as a single unity
(see dumbbell as dumbbell, not a line with two dots) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fill in gaps to create a single, whole object |
|
|
Term
| the ability to see objects in #D although the images that strike the retina are 2D |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the ability to judge distance and depth important? |
|
Definition
| organism needs to move freely in its enviroment; helps navigate |
|
|
Term
| How do we percieve the world as 3D even though our retina only recieves 2D images? |
|
Definition
| we use various, subtle cues to determine distance, depth, and shape of objects |
|
|
Term
| visual cues that require both eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of two retinal images to give a 3D perceptual experience |
|
|
Term
| What allows for stereoscopic vision? |
|
Definition
Retinal disparity
difference between images cast on two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object
putting your finger out and opening and closing different eyes |
|
|
Term
| A visual depth cue that comes from muscles controlling eye movemnet as the eyes turn ineard to view a nearby stimulus |
|
Definition
convergence
helps us tell how far away close objects are
finger arm length away, slowly bring it is, muscles strain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual cues requiring the use of one eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distant objects have a hazy appearance an a somewhat blurred outline |
|
|
Term
| Example of relative clarity |
|
Definition
| When you are driving on flat land and you look at things that are far away they are fuzzy (lets us know they are far away) |
|
|
Term
| If one object partially blocks our view of another, we percieve it as closer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Put your hand in front of dude in class, you hand is blocking part of the dude, so you know your hand is closer |
|
|
Term
| An object that is close seems to have a rough or detailed texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of texture gradient |
|
Definition
| look at your shirt and you can see individual threads, when you look at the shirt of person 10 rows away you can't see his threads --> your shirt is closer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers tot he fact tht two parallel lines tht extend into the distance appear to come together at some point in the horizon |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of linear perspective |
|
Definition
driving on a long striaght road, you know the street is paralle, ut it looks like they come together at a point far away
this lets you konw that the point is far away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if we assume tha two objects are simialr size, we percieve the one that casts a smaller image on the retina as further away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| going to assume that the people in the front of the classroom are relatively the same size as the people in the back, even though the people in the back seem to be smaller |
|
|
Term
| Relative Motion (motion parallax) |
|
Definition
aw we move, objects that are actually stable may seem to move
objects close to us seem to move in the opposite direction, whereas objects further away appear to move in the same direction |
|
|
Term
| Explain the case of Trunbull and Mbuti of Zaire |
|
Definition
Zaire is a jungle and the people there never saw anything more than 20 feet away becuase they were always inside the jungle
Trunbull is a psychologist?? and he is there and they are walking around and off in the distance he sees a water buffalo and he tells the guy he is with and the dude says no that's an insect; he said this becuase he had never seen anything far away before |
|
|
Term
| The tendency to percieve objects as relatively stable and unchaning despite changing sensory information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Once we have formed a stable erception of an object, we can recognize it from alosmot any position, at almost any distance, under almost any illumination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the preception of an object as the same size regaurdless of the distance from which it is viewed - depends partly on experience |
|
|
Term
| Example of size constancy |
|
Definition
| people on the back row are casting a smaller image on the retina, even though they are the same size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from
Hand example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inclination to percieve familar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory information |
|
|
Term
| Example of color constancy |
|
Definition
| if you have a red care, you see the car as being red at noon or midnight even though at night if you didn't know it was red it would be hard to tell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mental predispositions to percieve one thing and not another
perceptions being inlfuenced by what we expect to hear, see, touch, etc
dead kitten example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The idea of absolute thresholds implies that certain events in the outside world occur outside our conscious awareness. Do we still register and respond to these subliminal messages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Subliminal Movie Ads |
|
Definition
This movie theater wasn't selling consessions so they flashed the worlds eat popcorn and drink coke during the movie really fast, so fast that the people didn't even realize that they were being shown something; it was subliminal
the story says that sales went up bc the people got a subliminal message, but they really didn't |
|
|
Term
| It has been shown that in the lab people can process and respond to information of which they are not consciously aware. Does this occur in real life too? |
|
Definition
| No; hidden messages out side the lab have no signifcant effect on behavior |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
the mind can play tricks on itself. In one series of studies, volunteers used self-improvement tapes with subliminal messages for several weeks. About half said that the tapes worked and they felt better about themselves, but objective tests showed no measurable change. If you do something you think it is going to make a change, but it didn’t. And the reported improvement had more to do with the label on the tape than its subliminal content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Some people claim to have an extra power of perception - one beyond those of the normal senses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to an unknown event not presented to any known sense |
|
Definition
| extrasensor perception (ESP) |
|
|
Term
| Study of paranormal phenomena, indluding ESP and psychokinesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clairvoyance
Telepathy
Precognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awareness of an unknown object or event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowledge of someone else's thoughts or feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreknowledge of future (knowing the future) |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Much of the research into ESP has been criticized for poor experimental design, failure to control for dishonesty, selective reporting of results, or inability to replicate findings. According to surveys, psychologists and other scientists do not discount ESP entirely. In fact, one survey found that 34% of psychologists accepted ESP as either an established fact or a likely possibility. Even many of those that are skeptical do not dismiss ESP out of hand, but rather point out that experimentation has not yet given scientific backing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Our awareness of ourselves and our enviroment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes all the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and resonably alert |
|
|
Term
| A mental state that differs noticable from normal waking consciousness |
|
Definition
| altered states of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Altered states of consciousness |
|
Definition
drug induced
sleeping, dreaming
meditation
coma |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Consciousness was the first main concern of psychologists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who rejected consciousness as a topic and introspection as a method? And what did they want to do? |
|
Definition
behavorists (Watson)
they prefered the study of directly observable, measureable beahvior
They wanted to study only what we could observe, not feelings |
|
|
Term
| When did the change come around to being more interested in altered states of consciousness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What led to a renwed interest in consciousness? |
|
Definition
Rise of cognitive psychology
advances in nueorscience
dissatisfaction with the narrow confines of behaviorism |
|
|
Term
| Humans spend about _____ of our lives in the altered state of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chacterized by a reduction in voluntary body movment and decreased awareness of surroundings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Note:
No one who has tried to stay awake longer than 20 hours at a time could doubt the necessity of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Deprivation of sleep is a method of totrue, you can drive people insane if you keep them awake for long enough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True/False
Some people don't sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Concerning sleep, what varies between the species? |
|
Definition
how long
where
in what positions
etc |
|
|
Term
True/False
Larger animals sleep less than small animals. |
|
Definition
True
Elephants sleep less than 4 hours a day, armadillos sleep 18 hours a day |
|
|
Term
| Like many other biological functions, sleep and waking follow a daily, or _______ cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ancient and fundamental adaptation to the 24-hour solar cycle of light and dark, found not only in humans and other animals, but also in plants and one-celled organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the human biological clock, composed of a tiny cluster of neurons located in the hypothalamus
it response to the activation of light-sensitive retinal proteins |
|
|
Term
| The suprachiasmatic nuclei causes the pineal gland to alter its release of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the suprachiasmastic nuclei is sensitive to how much light is shown to the retina, what does this mean about how we feel during the times of the day? |
|
Definition
Get sleepy at dusk because there is less light, so more melatonin
Get wake up in the morning because there is more light and less melatonin |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The longer you are awake, the more adenosine you accumulate, which results in sleepiness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid eye movement sleep
recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur |
|
|
Term
| REM sleep is also called paradoxial sleep. Why? |
|
Definition
| Because although measure of brain activity, heart rate, blood pressure and other physiological functions closely resemble those recorded during waking consciousness, the person in this stage appears to be deeply asleep and is incapable of moving; voluntary movement muscles are paralyzed |
|
|
Term
| What are the different theories that we have about why we sleep? |
|
Definition
sleep protects
sleep helps us recuperate
sleep helps us remember
sleep helps us grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
you can hurt yourself wandering around in the dark; it is an evolutionary thing
staying asleep and immobile until daylight keeps you from endangering yourself |
|
|
Term
| How does sleep help us recuperate? |
|
Definition
Helps brain get rid of stress of the day
When you are awake you are burning lots of calories and your body produces free radiacls, which are moelcules that are toxic to neurons, so when you are asleep you burn fewer calories and less free radicales; allow neurons to repair |
|
|
Term
| How does sleep help us remember? |
|
Definition
sleep helps consolidate new memories and the info we learned that day
helps you pick out which info is more imporant and which you can let go
it can even make us more creative |
|
|
Term
| How does sleep help us grow? |
|
Definition
| during sleep the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| Why do we sleep more as babies, children, and adolescents? |
|
Definition
| Because the pituitary releases growth hormone while we sleep |
|
|
Term
| When do sleep walking and sleep talking occur? |
|
Definition
Stage 4
More common in children than adults |
|
|
Term
| Is it dangerous to wake a sleepwalker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of nocturnal fright that makes sleepers suddenly sit up in bed, often screaming out in fear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can people with night terrors remember their dream or why they were scared the next morning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children between 4-12 are the ones who usually have the night terrors, but when adults have them, what is usually the cause? |
|
Definition
they suffer from a personality disorder
abuse drugs or alcohol (affects brain)
brain injuries (epilepsy) |
|
|
Term
| Do nightmare or night terrors indicate psychological problems? |
|
Definition
| no - anxious people have the same amount as normal people |
|
|
Term
T/F
Night terrors decrease with age. |
|
Definition
True
but people with traumatic experiences can have them for years |
|
|
Term
| the inability to fall or remain asleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Americans suffer from insomnia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Most cases of insomnia are from stress and are temporary, but for some sufferers it is a persisent disruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of treatments for insomnia? |
|
Definition
anxiety
memory loss
hallucinations
violent behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty falling asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difficulty staying asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep disorder charcterized by breath difficulty during the night and feelings of exhaustion during the day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people does sleep apnea affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sleep apnea associated with? |
|
Definition
breathing difficulties and snoring
severe cases: people stop breathing |
|
|
Term
| Side Effects of Sleep Apnea |
|
Definition
depression
sexual dysfunction
difficulty concentrating
headaches
irritability |
|
|
Term
| Hereditary sleep disorder characterized by sudden nodding off during the day and sudden loss of muscle tone folowing moments of emotional excitment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Often, people with narcolepsy will immediately enter REM sleep, leading to dreaming while still partly awake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Every culture has ideas about the meaning of dreams. Dreams may be seen as carrying messages from their deities, or predictions of the future, or our actual experiences in a spirit world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vivid visual and auditory experiences that occur primarily during REM periods of sleep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many dreams does the average person have a night? And how much time does this account for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when you wake someone while they are in REM sleep? |
|
Definition
| They report a dream 80-85% percent of the time |
|
|
Term
| What are the theories about why we sleep? |
|
Definition
Extension of the concerns of our waking life
Neurons are miss fireing
Process information
Unconscious wishes |
|
|
Term
| Who thought that dreams were unconscious wishes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Freud thought that, while dreaming, people allow themselves to express primitive desires outside of normal moral controls. Give an example of this. |
|
Definition
| You are angry at your sister, you would never allow yourself to think about killing her in real life, but you might in your dream |
|
|
Term
| Freud thought that even though we are dreaming we try to follow norms by ... |
|
Definition
| hostile feelins being censored and transformed into a symbolic form |
|
|
Term
| Why did Freud say that our dreams are often bizzare to us? |
|
Definition
| Because of the way we have transformed the intention (that might be outside of social norms) into symbolic form |
|
|
Term
| What is the main task of psychoanalysts? |
|
Definition
| deciphering symbols of the dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actually what happened in the dream; the actual story (teeth fall out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the "true" meaning of the dream
(afraid of responsibility) |
|
|
Term
| Explain Dreams as Information processing |
|
Definition
| We process the info that we gathered during the day as a way of strengthening the memory of info crucial to survival. During our waking hours we are bombarded with sensory data, we can't remember everything, so dreaming lets us sift through everything and consolidate what is important |
|
|
Term
| What experimentation has been done to prove dreaming as a way of information processing? |
|
Definition
both humans and non-humans spend more time in REM sleep after learning difficult material
Also interferring with REM sleep immediately after learning severely disrupts the memory for the newly leanred material |
|
|
Term
| Who stunned other dream researchers when he proposed that dreams are simply the result of neurons misfiring and are meaningless? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Alan Hobson say that dreams are so illogical? |
|
Definition
| the higher levels of the brain try to make a story of the misfiring neurons |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Another theory of dreaming says that dreams are an extension of the conscious concerns of daily life in altered (not disguised) form. Research shows that what people dream about is generally similar to what they do and think about hile awake |
|
Definition
| Dream about things that are important to us during our waking hours |
|
|
Term
| Is drug-altered consciousness new? |
|
Definition
| No, is nearly every known culture throughout history, people have sought ways to alter their waking consciousness |
|
|
Term
| The use of _______ drugs is almost universal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical substances that change moods, perceptions, mental functioning, or behavior |
|
|
Term
T/F
Many of the drugs available today (legally or illegally) have been used for thousands of years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with repeated exposure to a psychoactive druge, the drug's effect lessens. The more drug your need to get the same effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with tolerance? |
|
Definition
| the overdose level is not going to change with tolerance |
|
|
Term
| Discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive dug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Withdrawing from opiates is particuallry unpleasent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A physicological need for a drug, marked by withdrawal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Craving a drug for psychological reasons (like you can't handle a social event without having a drink first) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compulsive drug craiving and use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alcohol
barbiturates
opiates |
|
|
Term
| In general, why do people take depressants? |
|
Definition
to reduce tension
to forget their troubles
to relieve feelings of inadequacy, lonliness, or boredom |
|
|
Term
| Until the late 19th century, the only known sedative substances were __________ and _________; in the 20th century, dozens of new depressents were discovered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most frequently used psychoactive drug in Western socieites is ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intoxicating ingredient in whisky, beer, wine, and other fermented or distilled substanaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ has the longest history of widespread use and addiction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alcohol used to be called ______, which means water of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The effects of alcohol depend on the individual, the social setting, and cultural attitudes - but also how much a person consumes and how fast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a person has 1 or 2 drinks? |
|
Definition
| lead to feelins of relaxation and sociability |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a person continues to drink alcohol after one or two drinks? |
|
Definition
inhibitions are lowered
sensitivity to outside stimuli, judgement, learning, and memory are reduced
emotions and behavior become exaggerated
some people become excited and extrememly talkative, others become depressed and withdrawn |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of having 4-5 drinks? Continued drinking? |
|
Definition
Speech is slurred
drinker is unstead on his feet
pass out
become confused, agitated, and violent |
|
|
Term
| ______ is America's number one drug problem |
|
Definition
alcohol
it is highly addictive with potentiall devestating long-term effects |
|
|
Term
| How many Americans are alcoholics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Heavy, chronic drinking can harm virtually every organ in the body, beginning with the brain
THIS DOES NOT HEAL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of chronic and excessive alcohol use? |
|
Definition
impaiments in:
perceptual-motor skills
visual-spacial processing
problem solving
abstract reasoning |
|
|
Term
| What are the physical effects of excessive drinking? |
|
Definition
lver disease
kidney damage
cardiovascular disease
increases the risk of some cancers
can lead to sexual dysfunction and inferility |
|
|
Term
| In the 19th century, "nerve tonics" or sedatives contianing alcohol and opium were readily avaliable and widely used by women. This fell out of behavior becuase it was ruining lives. At the turn of the century, these concotions were replaced by a new "scientific" sedative: _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are barbiturates used for today? |
|
Definition
treat epilepsy and arthritis
sleeping medication |
|
|
Term
| Barbiturates resemble _____ in their effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why were bartiturates considered a legitimate medicine, not a dangerous drug? |
|
Definition
avaliable by perscription only
people took them in the privacy of hteir own homes
the effects were hidden |
|
|
Term
| In the 1950's what did researchers find out about barbiturates? |
|
Definition
| that they were highly addictive and potentially lethal |
|
|
Term
| psychoactive substances derived from or resembling the speedpod of the opium poppy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphine is a derivative of ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Civil war what problems did we have with morphine (opiate)? |
|
Definition
| there were lots of injuries, so the soilders were given their own needles and morphine, and they got addicted |
|
|
Term
| How did doctors get the soldiers off morphine? |
|
Definition
HEROin
they jsut got addicted to that |
|
|
Term
| How doe heroin users report feeling after taking the drug? |
|
Definition
| surge of euphoria followed by nodding off and clouded mental functioning |
|
|
Term
| In advanced stages of addiction, ______ becomes primarily a painkiller to stave off withdrawal symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What health conditions is heroin associated with? |
|
Definition
fatal overdose
spontaneous abortion
collapsed veins
pulmonary problems
infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS) |
|
|
Term
| Why is heroin use my smoking or inhaling increasing in suburbs? |
|
Definition
| Because they don't think it is dangerous unless you shoot up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase the activity in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of stimulants? |
|
Definition
aphetamines
methamphetamine
Hallucinogens (Marijuana, LSD) |
|
|
Term
| Stimulant drugs that initally produce "rushes" of euphoria often followed by sudden "crashes" and sometimes even severe depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Powerful, synthetic stimulants, first marketed in the 1930's as a nasal spray to relieve symptoms of asthma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WW2 pilots used this stimulant to stay wake for a long period of time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ increase alertness and feelings of competence and well-being. Users may come to believe that they cannot functions without them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines crystalize right under the skin, if you use them long enough, what can form? |
|
Definition
formications
you think that bugs are craling all over your |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think that people are out to get you; schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
Known on the street as speed, fire, crank, ice, or cyrstal
Easily produced in labs from ingredients avliable over the counter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the increasingly popular form of methamphetamines? |
|
Definition
Ecstacy - MDMA
acts as both stimulant and hallucinogen
the name ecstacy relfects the user's belief that the drug mankes people love and trust one another, and puts them in touch with their emotions, and also heightens sexual pleasure |
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Term
| Side Effects of methamphetamines |
|
Definition
clenching
faintness
chills
sweating
spikes in body temp (can lead to brain damage)
water intoxications (drink too much water and it causes your brain to swell) |
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|
Term
| Natual or synthetic drugs that cause shifts in perception of the otuside world, or in some cases, experience of imaginary landscapes, settings, and beings that may seem more real than the outside world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
How many cultural groups that have used halucinogens is not known.
Historians think that Native Americans have used mescaline, a psychedelic substnace in mushroom-shaped tops of peyote cactus for at least 8000 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lysergic acid diethylamide |
|
|
Term
| What happens about an hour after people take LSD? |
|
Definition
experience intensitifcation of sensory perception
loss of control over their thoughts and emotions
feelings of depersonalization and detachment, as if they were watching themselves from a distance |
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|
Term
NOTE:
Some LSD users say things never looked or sounded or smelled so beautiful; others have terrifying, nightmarish visions. Some experience a sense of extraordinary mental lucidity; others become so confused they fear they are losing their minds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly variable, even for the same person on different occasions |
|
|
Term
| One hit os LSD can last for _____ hours and can be: |
|
Definition
8-10
really bad or really good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unpleasent experiences, may be set off by a change in dosage or an alteration in setting or mood |
|
|
Term
| A mild hallucinogen that produces a high often characterized by feelings of euphoria, a sense of well-being, and swings in mood from gaiety to relaxation; may also cause feelings of anxiety or paranoia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mixture of dired, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis ssativa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although there are hundreds of ingredients in marijuana, what is one major active ingredient? |
|
Definition
THC
shares some chemical properties with hallucinogens like LSD, but is far less potent |
|
|
Term
| Feelings when taking marijuana |
|
Definition
feelings of relaxation
hightened enjoyment of food, music, sex
loss of awareness of time
dreamlike experiences |
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|
Term
| Physcial effects of marijuana |
|
Definition
reddening of the eyes
dry mouth
coughing
increased thirst and hunger
mild muscular weakness
eyes droop
potential respiratory and cardioascular damage |
|
|
Term
| Loss of ability to remember and coordinate info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of recieving, converting, and transmitting info from the otuside world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of selectib, organizing, and interpreting raw sensory data into useful mental representations of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Analysis that beings with sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Information processing guided by higher level mental process, as when we contrsuct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
making sense of what we already know |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stud of relationshops between the physcial characteristics of stimulation such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
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|
Term
| the minimal amount of stimulation it takes us to percieve a particualr stimulus 50% of the time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
Sensitivity to light, sound, pressure, or other stimuli varies from person to person, and even from moment to moment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The absolute threshold for each of our sense is remarkably ________ (low, high) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Absolute threshold for:
Taste
Smell
Touch
Hearing
Vision |
|
Definition
taste 1 gram of salt in 500 L of water
smell 1 drop of perfume dissfused through 6 rooms
feel wings of bee falling on hceeck from the height of 1 cm
hear tick of clock 20 feet away (quite conditions)
see a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear, dark night |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
The absolute threshold figures can only apply under ideal circumstances in extremely quite, dark, taste free, or smell free envrioments
In relaity, the absolute threshold caries depending on the level and nature of ongoing sensory info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adjustment of senses to lvel of stimulation they are recieving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of sensory adaption |
|
Definition
| hearing will be more acute in the library and less acute at a football game |
|
|
Term
| With each of our senses, what we notice most is _________ -> |
|
Definition
change
in types of stimulation and the level of stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA just noticible difference
the smallest amount of change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
| Difference in threshold varies according to: |
|
Definition
| strength and intensity of orginal stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Are our sensory systems flexible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of difference threshold |
|
Definition
| adding 1 pound to a 10 pound load would be very noticible, but adding 1 pound to a 100 pound load would probably not be noticed |
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|
Term
T/F
The greater the existing stimulus the smaller the change necessary to produce a just noticible differene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since you are always being bombarded with stimuli and cannot attend to all of it, what do you have? -> |
|
Definition
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Example of selective attention |
|
Definition
cocktail party
attend to 1 voice out of many, but if you hear your name your brain will be alerted
all the other conversations are being processed by the brain without you knowing |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of one form of energy to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is transduction related to sensation? |
|
Definition
| transform stimulus energyies, such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses that our brains can interpret |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Concerning vision, your brain doesn't recieve light waves, it recieves neural impluses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lining of the eye on the back of the eyeball that contains the receptor cells that are sensitive to light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The retina of each eye contains he receptors cells responsible for:
These cells are sensitve to: |
|
Definition
vision
only a fraction of the spectrum of electronmagnetic energy -> light, x-rays, and radio frequency |
|
|
Term
| Two types of receptor cells --> |
|
Definition
rods= night vision and perception of brightness, changes in illumination, black and white vision
cones= responsible for color vision |
|
|
Term
| Cones are found in the _______ --> |
|
Definition
fovea
the area of the retina that is the center of the visual field |
|
|
Term
| The fovea contains no ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where is the greatest density of cones located?
This is where what happens? |
|
Definition
center of fovea
where images are projected through the eye and onto the retina in sharpest focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predominately just outside the fovea |
|
|
Term
| As you move outward from the fovea what happens concerning rods and cones? |
|
Definition
become very sparse
almost no cones and very few rods are found at the extreme edges of retina |
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity of rods and cones changes according to how much light is avaliable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of visual adaptation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illuminations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of dark adaptation |
|
Definition
| When you first walk into movie theater, it's hard to see, eyes have to adjust to being in darker space |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for the rods and cones to adjust in dark adaptation? |
|
Definition
cones - 10 minutes
rods - 30 minutes |
|
|
Term
| Rods and cones become less sensitve to light in response to increased levels of illumination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of light adaptation |
|
Definition
| when you walk out of the movie theather and it is bright outside |
|
|
Term
| How long does light adaptation take for cones and rods? |
|
Definition
quicker than dark adaptation
both about 1 minute |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Hellen Keller would rather have her hearing than her vision --> human interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| psychological experiences created by brain in response to changes in air pressure that are recieved by the auditory system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then more apart again |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a tree falls and no one is around to hear it, does ti make a sound? |
|
Definition
no - sound requires the brain
it only makes sound waves |
|
|
Term
| number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, primary determinate of pitch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how we experience frequency
auditory experiences corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in a higher or lower tone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Magnitude to a wave
primary determinate of loudness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dB
unit of measurement of loudness |
|
|
Term
| How does our hearing change as we get older? |
|
Definition
ability to hear soft noises (low dB) weakens
ability to hear loud noises (high dB) is stable |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
As men get older they lose the ability to hear the frequency at which their wife speaks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Like our other senses, hearing udnergoes adaptation so that it can function optimally under a wide vairty of conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main sections of the ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the ear that gathers and delivers the sound waves to the middle ear |
|
Definition
outer ear
that is whay the ear stick off ot the side of the head |
|
|
Term
| amplifies and concentrates the sounds, delivers to the inner ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the ear that contains the repcetor cells that transform sounds into impulses and sends those impulses to the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the inner ear is the ____ -> |
|
Definition
cochlea
coiled, boney fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neura impluses |
|
|
Term
__________ is in the cochlea
Define |
|
Definition
Basilar membrane
stiff structured element that seperates 2 liquid filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| When a sound comes into the ear, which part vibrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Line the basilar membrane, very fragile
sound waves cause them to send neural messages to the brain, which we then itnerpret as sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hair cells are so fraigle that___________ |
|
Definition
| loud noises can stun or break them, causing hearing loss |
|
|
Term
T/F
Hearing disorders are very uncommon |
|
Definition
False
many bones in there and it is easy for them to be damaged |
|
|
Term
| How many Americans stufer from partial or total deafness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
injury
infections
cigaratte smoke
explosions
long term exposure to loud noises |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Brief exposure to noises louder than 150 dB can cuase permament damage
150 dB = commerical jet taking off 75 feet away
Daily exposure to 85 dB can lead to permanent damage
85dB = city traffic (inside car) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
middle ear deafness
results from problems with mechanical system that conducts sound waves to inner ear |
|
|
Term
| When does conduction deafness usually occur? |
|
Definition
when eardrum in punctured
or when tiny bones can't vibrate and bring the sound into the inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA sensorinueral hearing loss
inner ear deafness
damage to the structures of the inner ear |
|
|
Term
| Top causes for nerve deafness |
|
Definition
againing
heredity
exposure to loud noises |
|
|
Term
| What remedies are avalible to people with ireversible hearing damage? |
|
Definition
hearing aids (amplify sound, enhance speech, perception and reduce background noise
surgery and implants |
|
|
Term
| What are the three theories for how we percieve pitch? |
|
Definition
place theory
frequency theory
volley theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we hear different picthes beucase different sound waves trigger activity at different areas along the cochlea's membrane |
|
|
Term
| Problem with Place Theory |
|
Definition
| only covers high pitched sounds, lower sounds aren't as neatly localized on basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the frequency with which the basilar membrane is virbrated tells us the particular sound we hear |
|
|
Term
| Problem with freuqency theory |
|
Definition
only explains how we deterimine ptich for sounds under 100 Hz
also, neurons can't fire fast enough to keep up with vibrations, doesn't explain sounds over 100 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory neurons on basilar membrane fire in groups (volleys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cue to sound location that invovles both ears working together |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
If something makes a noise to the right, the right ear hears it first. It is slightly louder in the right ear. We use the time lag to locate the cound
If a sound comes from idrectly in front of or behind you, you have to turn your head to see where it came from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smell, AKA olfaction, is the most ______ of all the senses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smell is closely tied to _____ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
We find some smells pleasent, others repulsive, but rarely percieve odors as neutral
Can detect over 10,000 seperate smells
When you smell something part of it goes into your nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the evolutionary basis for smell |
|
Definition
use odors to distinguish good and bad, safe and unsafe
chemical sense that helps us find mates and food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To understand taste, we must first distinguish it from ________ -> |
|
Definition
flavor
flavor of foods comes from a complex combination of smell and taste |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
If you hold your nose while you eat, most of the food's flavor wull disappear, though you will recognize bitterness, saltiness, sourness, or sweetness
In other words you get the taste, not the flavor --> sensory interaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides the usual, sweet, sour, bitter, and salty, investigators have found three aditional tastes: |
|
Definition
Astringent -> tarnins (tea and red wine), dusty taste
Umami = monosodiumglutamate (mushrooms, soy sauce)
? = fats |
|
|
Term
| What is taste adaptation called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure to one taste can modify another taste |
|
|
Term
| Example of cross-adaptation |
|
Definition
drink OF after brushing teeth
toothpaste is very sweet, so when you drink the OJ all you can taste is the cirtic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gives you info about muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles and joints
info about speek and direction of movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contributes to your system of equlibrium and body position in space
are you upright, on your side, etc |
|
|
Term
| Which is the most comforting sense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How sensitive is the skin? |
|
Definition
| skin displacement, pressure that moves skin, can detect as little as .00004 inch of pressure |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Not all parts of skin are equally sensitive, if you pricked the hand, you would know exactly where, but if your pricked the back of the thigh you would not know |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Most people equate learning with studying. But psychologists define learning more broadly.
Learning = |
|
Definition
| relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
|
|
Term
Behaviorism is the view that psychology
1:
2: |
|
Definition
1: should be an objective science
2: studies behavior without reference to mental processes
most psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2 |
|
|
Term
| We cannot possibly attend to all of the stimuli that we are exposed to. But we seem to be genetically predisposed to notice some stimuli. What kind of stimuli does that include? |
|
Definition
loud noises = indicate something imporant or dangerous
Novel stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that we haven't been exposed to before |
|
|
Term
| What is the evolutionary advantage to novel stimuli? |
|
Definition
| It is good that we notice these new things becuase we don't know about them and they could be dangerous, so it demands all of our attention |
|
|
Term
| Learning to ignore stimuli that does not change |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you go to pineville all you can smell is paper mill, but when you have been there for a couple of minutes, you have been habituated and the smell seems to go away |
|
|
Term
| Reorienting to a stimulus when it changes in some way; this is after habituation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of dishabituation |
|
Definition
| When her roommate studied she tapped her pen, eventually you can get used to it, but when she changed the pattern of her tapping, she started to hear it again |
|
|
Term
| What are habituation and dishabituation forms of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that only involves one stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Is most of our learning non-association or associative learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
learning that certain events occur together
associate different stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Example of Associative learning |
|
Definition
| when you take the dog on a walk, he knows that yall are going on a walk becuase he sees the leash |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of learning in which a response naturally provoked by one stimulus comes to be provoked by a differnt, formally neurtal stimulus |
|
|
Term
| A stimulus that usually doesn't produce the behavior being studied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of how a neutral stimulus can become a classical stimulus |
|
Definition
| They play a certain music in JAWS, formally it was neurtal, but now it is paired with something creepy. Now when you hear it, you are scared |
|
|
Term
| Classical condition was discovered almost by accident by ______, a Russion physiologist who was studying digestive processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the basis of Pavlov's study on, before concentrating on classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| He was interested in people and aminals' drool. Because animals salivate when food is placed in their mouths, Pavlov instered tubes into the salivary glands of dogs to measure how much saliva they produced when they were given food. |
|
|
Term
| What did Pavlov notice as he was doing his experiment that had to do with classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| The dogs salivated before the food was in their mouths: the mere sight of food made them drool. They even drooled when they heard the experimenter's footsteps. |
|
|
Term
| What did Pavlov do to understand why the dogs salivate even before they got food? |
|
Definition
| He set out to teach the dogs to salivate when food was not present. He came up with an experiement where he sounded a bell just before the food was in the room. |
|
|
Term
| After hearing the bell may times just before being fed, what did Pavlov's dogs begin to do? |
|
Definition
| Salivate as soon as the bell rang |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a stimulus that invariable causes an organsm to respond in a specific way
Pavlov --> food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a reponse that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
Pavlov = drooling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
pavlov = bell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after condititoned, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is present
pavlov = droll |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the UCR and the CR? |
|
Definition
One is natural and the other is learned
It it is provoked by something natural, it is a UCR |
|
|
Term
| Everyday example of the UCR, UCS, CR, and CS |
|
Definition
eye doctor example
UCS = puff of air in the eye
UCR = blinking
CS = face frame
CR = blinking |
|
|
Term
If Pavlov had stopped giving the dogs food after ringing the bell, eventually what would have happened?
What is this known as? |
|
Definition
They would stop drooling at the sound of the bell
Extinction |
|
|
Term
| Gradual disappearnce of a conditioned response when conditional stimulus no longer predicts the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If Pavlov had then gone back to dogs whose conditioned response of drooling has been extinguished, and started giving them food after the bell rang, he would have seen __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quick relearning of conditioned response following extinction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reappearance of the conditioned after extinction and without further parings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar by not identical to the conditioned stimuli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of stimulus generalization |
|
Definition
| In Pavlov's case if the dogs started to drool to a different, but similar bell |
|
|
Term
| A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimulu and response approproately to each one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of Stimulus discrimination |
|
Definition
| When you have a baby soon you can tell the difference in their cries; when they are hungry, angry, or in pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that determine whether and how a conditioned response is learned? |
|
Definition
timing
predictability
signal strength
attention
biopreparedness
contrapreparedness |
|
|
Term
| When does classical conditioning work best? |
|
Definition
| when the conditioned stimulus occurs before the unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condition stimulus then unconditioned stimulus (bell, then food) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconditioned stimulus and then conditioned stimulus
(food then bell) |
|
|
Term
| What are the outcomes for backward conditioning? |
|
Definition
conditioning will be slower, if it occurs at all
the food has all their attention, they might not know that the conditioned stimulus occurs |
|
|
Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
|
Definition
conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus occur at the same time
(bell food) |
|
|
Term
| Outcomes for simultaneous conditioning |
|
Definition
| less likely to occur, they can't pay attention to the CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditioning will occur most rapidly when the conditioned stimlus always signals the unconditioned stimulus, and only the unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Tell how predictability works in the case of Pavlov |
|
Definition
| Conditioning will be faster when bell always beens food and it always happens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps if the conditioned stimulus is a strong stimulus
if it's a sound it needs to be loud, if it is light, it needs to be bright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they have to be paying attention to notice that the conditioned stimulus has happened, there are so many things going on in the real world that it has to have high strength to be noticed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some stimuli serve readily as conditioned stimuli for certain kinds of responses |
|
|
Term
| Example of biopreparedness |
|
Definition
A snarling dog is easier to make people scared than a bunny rabbit
you are prepared to fear the dog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| other types of stimuli do not serve as conditioned stimuli well |
|
|
Term
| Example of contrapreparedness |
|
Definition
| The bunny rabbit is going to have a hard time being a condtiotioned stimulus for getting people scared |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
|
Definition
| conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there is only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion |
|
Definition
When you get food posioning you don't want to eat there any more
it is one trial learning, unlike Pavlov's conditioning |
|
|
Term
| Why do taste-illness combinations produce such rapid and long-lasting learning? |
|
Definition
Evolution
rapid learning increased an animal's chances of survival |
|
|
Term
| Why is conditioned taste aversion a real problem for cancer patients? |
|
Definition
| they are throwing up a lot and once they have tasted the food as vomit they want to give it up, they might give up a lot of foods |
|
|
Term
| Irrational fears of particular things, activities, or situations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did an experiment on phobias developing through classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| John Watson and Rosalie Rayner |
|
|
Term
| Explain the experiment on phobias |
|
Definition
Little Albert was taught to fear a harmless whit lab rat
They started by showing him a rat and he had no fear of the rat. He crawled toward it and wanted to play with it. Every time he crawled toward it they made a loud noise right behind his head. This made him cry. Now any time he saw a rat he would cry. He then generalized his fears to other things: Santa Clause ans mother's fur coat |
|
|
Term
| What is the UCS, URS, CS, and CR for the little Albert experiment? |
|
Definition
UCS = loud noise
UCR = cry
CS = rat
CR = cry |
|
|
Term
| A type of learning in which a behavior is strenghted if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Behavior desgined to operate on the envrioment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ occurs when we choose a particular response from a wide variety of possible behaviors and then focus on observing and changing that response |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Any consequence that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Any consequence that decreased the likelihood that the beavhior will be repeated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To explain the findings of reinforcers and punishers, Throndike coined the _________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Theory that beahvior consistently rewarded will be stamped in as learned behavior, and behavior that brings about discomfort or punishment will be stamped out |
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Term
| What do contemporary psychologists often call Thorndike's law of effect? |
|
Definition
| Principle of reinforcement |
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Term
| Reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When she was an undergrad, one of the projects was to teach a rat to press a bar. When he presses the bar he gets sugar pellet. But how do you tell the rat to do that? Look towards the bar, give him one. Now he has to start getting closer he gets one. Now he has to touch the bar and then he gets one. The last step is for the rat to press it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur (add something to situation) |
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Term
| Example of positive reinforcer |
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Definition
| When your kid cleans her room you want her to do it again so you give her a cookie, now she is more likely to do it in the future |
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Term
|
Definition
| any event whose reduction or termination increased the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| any event whose reduction or termination increased the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur |
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Term
| Example of negative reinforcers |
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Definition
| The little girl has cleaned her room, now she doesn't have to eat her veggies at dinner tonight (take something away) |
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Term
| Escape and Avoidance conditoning are types of ________ |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| organism learnng to make a particular response in order to end an aversive stimulus. Learn to do something to end soemthing we don't like |
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Term
| Example of escape conditioning |
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Definition
| take medicine when you get a headache, consequence is the head ache goes away |
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Term
|
Definition
| organism response to a signal in a way that precents exposure to an aversive stimulus |
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Term
| Example of avoidance conditioing |
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Definition
| Know when your vision gets bad you need to take your medicine so you won't get a migraine |
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Term
| Refers to how and when reinforcement is applied |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| giving reinforcement every time the behavior occurs (geeting a raise after every successful project) |
|
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Term
| When is continuous schedule useful? |
|
Definition
| when teaching a new skill |
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Term
| Example of continuous schedule |
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Definition
| When you are teaching your dog to sit on command, whenever he does it give him a treat |
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Term
| Partial (intermittent reinforecement) schedule |
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Definition
| response are sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not |
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Term
| When are partical schedules good? |
|
Definition
| For keeping the learning behavior in the long run |
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|
Term
| Example of partical reinforcement |
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Definition
| The dog has learned the behavior of sitting on command, this time you didn't have him a treat, but he will still do it in hopes of being reinforced next time |
|
|
Term
| Types of partical reinforcement schedules |
|
Definition
fixed ration
fixed interval
variable ration
variable interval |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| feres to applying the reinforcement after a specific number of behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you mow the lawn three times you get your allowance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| applying the reinforcement after a specific amount of time |
|
|
Term
| Example of fixed interval schedule |
|
Definition
| Getting your allowance once a week, no matter how many chores you did |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to applying a reinforcers after a variable number of responses |
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|
Term
| Example of variable ration schedule |
|
Definition
slot machines; this time i didn't get it, but i might next time
you never know when you are going to win, so you have to keept doing it; don't know how many times it is going to take |
|
|
Term
| Variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
| reinforcing someone after a variable amount of time |
|
|
Term
| Example of variable interval |
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Definition
| you don't know when you are going to get an email, so you keep checking |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the addition of a stimulus that decreased the likelihood that the beahvior will recur |
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|
Term
| Example of postive punishment |
|
Definition
little girl bit her brother, spank her
add something to the situation so she will stop doing it |
|
|
Term
| Taking away of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood that he behavior will recur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of negative punishment |
|
Definition
| the little girl bit her brother, take away her favorite toy, put her in timeout |
|
|
Term
| What are the drawbacks of punishment? |
|
Definition
Only supress behavior while you are there
Often psychical punishment is humiliating and often stir unpleasant emotions - can impede learning
May convey notion that inflicting pain on others is justified when people do something you don't like |
|
|
Term
| Which are more effective, reinforcers or punishers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions does punishment work? |
|
Definition
Has to be sufficient without veering into cruelty
Has to be swift
Have to know that the behavior will definitely be punished
Has to be seen as deserved by the person |
|
|
Term
| Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable, but can be inferred by behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learn something but it is not immediately reflected in a behavior change; it is hidden until you need it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of latent learning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem (moment of "oh I get it") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did a study on insight learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all the chimps are in a cage, he would put different objects in the cage and then put a banana just outside of their reach; at first they get really angry about the banana; then they see the stick and then all the sudden realize they could use the stick in the cage to get the banana |
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|
Term
| A view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instruction, without firsthand experience by the learner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learning by observing other people; ou can even learn if the behavior is a good idea by seeing what happens to them after the behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did the Bobo Study? And what did it focus on? |
|
Definition
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory |
|
|
Term
| Explain the context of the Bobo Doll study |
|
Definition
| Children were divided into 3 groups, each child watched a film by themself. In the film an adult model walked up to a bobo doll and ordered it to move out of the way. When the doll didn't move the adult became aggressive, pushing the doll, punching it and hitting it with a rubber mallet. The film ended differently for the children in each of the three groups. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After the scene of violent, another adult came in and gave praise in the form of soda and candy ot the other adult. The child was shown vicarious reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A second adult comes in and scolds the 1st adult. Kid saw vicarious punishment |
|
|
Term
| No-consequences condition |
|
Definition
| Saw a version of the film that ended with the scene of violence |
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|
Term
| Immediately after seeing the film the kids were brought into a playroom by themself and they found all the stuff that was in the room in the movie. The child played alone for 10 minutes. Then an experimenter came in and told them to repeat the thingsthe model had done or said to the doll. What did the kids do? |
|
Definition
| Spontaneously perform model's behaviors in all three groups of kids |
|
|
Term
| The act of acquiring information and putting it into memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retaining information in memory over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recovering information from memory storage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remembering your 1st grade teacher's name |
|
|
Term
| What do Atkinson and Shiffrin look at? |
|
Definition
| Three stage processing model of memory |
|
|
Term
| Short-lived memory process; where it goes when you first get info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive buffer; recieves information that was percieved in sensory memry; just holding on to the info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Part of the memory system that allows us to mentally manipuate info being held in short term memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A relatively long lasting stage of memory whose capacity is beleived to be unlimited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True/False
Some information we process automatically, with little to no effort. |
|
Definition
| True, but other information is more difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
|
|
Term
| What is one way to encode information? = |
|
Definition
| Rehersal= conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| After class she needs to get cat food, eggs, and diet coke; so she is going to keep saying it over and over again so it will be encoded |
|
|
Term
| U-shaped pattern of performance on a free recall task when recall is plotted as a function of word position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a free recall task? |
|
Definition
| Participants are given a list of 20 or so words, one at a tine, and then asked to recall the entire list after the last word has been presented. Your ability to recall a word depends on where it was on the list. In general, your memory for the first and last words are better. |
|
|
Term
| Relatively good recall of the first items on the list |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the primacy effect occur? |
|
Definition
| Because while the rest of the list is being read we have time to rehearse those couple of items |
|
|
Term
| Relatively good recall of the last or more recent items on the list |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the recency effect occur? |
|
Definition
| Because you just heard those words and they are easily retireveable from short term storage or sensory memory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| mental representations of physical stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you are driving down the road and you see a sign that says "Eat at Joe's" explain how you encode that information into your memory acoustically, visually, and semantically. |
|
Definition
Acoustic = the sound of the words
Visual = what the sign looks like
Semantic = there is a resturant ahead, maybe i should stop |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Information will be easier to encode if we can organize it meaninfully |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units that are often based on meaning |
|
|
Term
| How could you use chunking to remember the letters BIMDEI ? |
|
Definition
constanants and vowels
Company names --> IBM and IED |
|
|
Term
| When you chunk information are you more likely to remember it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost a direct representation of actual sensory attributes of the stimulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensory memory made up of? |
|
Definition
Iconic memory
Echoic memory |
|
|
Term
| What is Iconic memory? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
visual memory
200-300 miliseconds
if you don't attend to it, it's gone |
|
|
Term
| What is echoic memory? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
auditory memory
1-2 seconds (some say 5 seconds) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of echoic memory. |
|
Definition
| When you ask somone to repeat themselves, but before they even start to say it again, you know what they said. You went back into echoic memory to get the info |
|
|
Term
| What is Miller's Magic 7 +- 2 ? |
|
Definition
| People can process about 7 units of information in their short term or wroking memory at a time (with a range of 5-9) |
|
|
Term
| Howl ong does short term memory last? |
|
Definition
| It lasts about 30 seconds, if you dont rehearse it or think about the info, it is gone |
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|
Term
NOTE:
The knowledge we store in the long term memory affects our perceptions of the world, and influences what informatuon in the envrioment we attend to. LTM provides the framework to which we attach new knowlegde |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of how LTM is more than a collection of memories and can actually affect your experiences and behavior |
|
Definition
| If two girls are going to a party where thye don't know anyone. Alice was really popular in high school and Jane was picked on, Alice is going to go up to meet people and want to have fun. Jane is going to be worried that people aren't going to like her and be paranois about others. They are going to have different experiences because of what is in their long term memory |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of long term memories? |
|
Definition
episodic
semantic
procedural
emotional |
|
|
Term
| What are episodic memories? |
|
Definition
| episodes from your life; events that you experienced in a specific time or place; thinks that happen to you personally |
|
|
Term
| What are episodic memories? |
|
Definition
| episodes from your life; events that you experienced in a specific time or place; thinks that happen to you personally |
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|
Term
| Example of episodic memories |
|
Definition
| For her 6th birthday her mothr made a bunt cake and put a Barbie in the middle and made a ballgown dress out of the cake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facts and concepts that you just know, but are not linked to a particular time or place; just general knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of semantic memories |
|
Definition
first president of the USA = george washington
you just know this, you don't remember being in the second grade writing it down with your ywllow pencil |
|
|
Term
| What are procedural memories? |
|
Definition
motor skills and habits
they consist of a precise sequence of coordinated movements often difficult to describe in words; we know what we are doing but it is hard to describe |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of procedural memories |
|
Definition
| riding a bike, how do you do it? |
|
|
Term
| What are emotional memories? |
|
Definition
| these are learned, emotional responses to various stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of emotional memories |
|
Definition
| When you see a flying roach coming at you, you scream, but in reality you shouldn't be scared but you are |
|
|
Term
| When we think of memory, we must often think of things we can deliberately call to mind. But how can it be different? |
|
Definition
| When she flips a pen, she can do it, but can't describe it to you, but she remembers doing it and it is in her memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| episodic and semantic memory; becuase we can declare what we know |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
procedural and emotional memories
you cannot put them into words easily; use the info, but it is difficult to describe |
|
|
Term
| Does your brain treat the types of memories diffrent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Brenda Milner interested in? |
|
Definition
| the distinction between explicit and implicit memory (began as a result of experiments with amnesiac patients) |
|
|
Term
| Amnesiac patients have suffered from brain damage, so they cannot make new long term memories, but what can they remember? |
|
Definition
| things that happened before the injury |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain did doctors take out from H.M.'s brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hippocampus responsible for? |
|
Definition
| getting information from working memory to long term memory |
|
|
Term
| H.M. could not form explicit memories, but what could he form? |
|
Definition
| implicit memories (prodecural and emotional) |
|
|
Term
| What made people think that HM could form implicit memories? |
|
Definition
They did a test where you ahd to draw a start without looking at your hand, but into a mirror and he got better at it; he had no episodic memory of it though
Brenda Milner had to reintroduce herself every time she saw him; she started to put a pin in hre hand, he began not to want to shake her hand; had emotional memories, but he didn't know why |
|
|
Term
| A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info leanred earlier without much help |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of test would include recall? |
|
Definition
| fill in the blank or essay |
|
|
Term
| A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of test would include recognition? |
|
Definition
| multiple choice ... the answer is there, you just have to recognize it |
|
|
Term
| A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning for a second time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory. Something that helps jog your memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of a cure to aid retrieval depends on the degree to which it taps into information that was encoded at the time of the original learning. If the cue wasn't orignally learned the info, it's not going to help you |
|
Definition
| encoding specificity principle |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
| trying to get you to remember an actor's name. if someone says a movie that you've never seen before that is not a cue for you, not how you encoded the info |
|
|
Term
T/F
If the way the info is encoded and the way it is retrieved are similar, remembering the info will be easier |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in whcih it is recalled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of context-dependent memory |
|
Definition
| if you are in the quad and someone tells you juicy gossip and then you are retelling the story and can't remember part of it, go back to the quad. The physical envrioment cna act as a cue |
|
|
Term
| Memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state at encoding and retrieval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of state-dependent memory |
|
Definition
| if you didn't sleep and drank coffee before the test, don't sleep and drink more coffee before the test |
|
|
Term
| Memory that is helped or hindered by the match between our mood at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of mood congruence effects |
|
Definition
| if you were in a good mood when you were studying, but in a good mood when you are taking the test |
|
|
Term
| What is encoding failure? |
|
Definition
| when percieved information is not successfully encoded by working memory for the entry into long term memory, the infromation will be lost |
|
|
Term
| If we don't encode something do we remember it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does encoding failure occur? |
|
Definition
| when we don't have time to encode, lack of attention or rehersal |
|
|
Term
| What are the theories for why we forget? |
|
Definition
Encoding failure
storage decay
retrieval failure
interference theory
motivated-forgetting theory |
|
|
Term
| Theory of forgetting that says forgetting is caused by physical changes in a memory trace that weaken it or reduce the amount of informatuon that is stored in it. If you don't use the info, you lose it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most widely beleived theory of forgetting |
|
Definition
storage decay
but it is an unsatisfying reason |
|
|
Term
| Give an example that contradicts the storage decay theory of forgetting |
|
Definition
| when you can't think of someone's name then three hours later when you aren't thinking about it, it comes to you. this disproves it, by showing that it is still there |
|
|
Term
| Theory of forgetting that says forgetting occurs when the correct retrieval cues are not produced to get at the contents of memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clearest sign of retireval failure theory? |
|
Definition
| tip of the tounge phenomenon |
|
|
Term
| What is tip of the tounge phenomenon? |
|
Definition
Where subjects know that they know a word, can even describe it or see it, but cannot correctly produce it at the proper time
if you had a better cue, you could recall it |
|
|
Term
| Theory of forgetting that says forgetting is caused by competition from other events that are encoded into memory, which in turn makes a given memory one is trying to retrieve more difficult to access |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interference theory points to two potential sources of forgetting, known as _______ interference, and _________ interference |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prior envents can render subseqeuntly-encoded memories more difficult to retrieve
(older memory projects into the future and interfers with the new memory) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of proactive interference |
|
Definition
| when you move and you cant think of your new address because all you can think of is your old address |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
later events can render previously-encoded memories more difficult to retrieve
(new information retreats to the past to interfere with info from the past) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example fo retroactive interference |
|
Definition
| you can't remember your old address, because now the new one is in your head |
|
|
Term
T/F
The more similar the pieces of information, the more they interfere with each other |
|
Definition
true
names interfere with names and numbers with numbers |
|
|
Term
| What theory of forgetting says that mental mechanisms make us forget unpleasant or painful facts |
|
Definition
| motivated forgetting theory |
|
|
Term
| Who sugested the motivated-forgetting theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Freud say that people rejected or supressed memories in their unconscious? |
|
Definition
| B/c certian memories associated with past traumas would be unbearable to remember |
|
|
Term
| What idea is psychoanaylsis based on? |
|
Definition
| that supressed memories have not really been forgotten and an be brought back to your conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of motivated-forgetting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person consciously tries to forget a painful memory, but is still aware that the event occured. Directing your attention elsewhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example that shows that suppression doesn't work |
|
Definition
| When you have a song stuck in your head and you try not to think about it, the more it occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
literally removing the unpleasent memories, making the person unaware that the event ever occured
your brain just decides to keep it from your mind |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when the skull makes a sudden collision with another object |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is your brain physically attached to the inside of your skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of traumatic brain injury? |
|
Definition
| motor vehicle and bike accidents |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of head injuries? |
|
Definition
closed head injury
penetrating head injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skull remains intact (blow to the head)
impact causes delicate brain tissues to hit inner surface of the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| happens to boxers, all of those blows to the head, cause dementia |
|
|
Term
| What is a penetrating head injury? |
|
Definition
when an object penetrates the skull or the skull is fractured
bone fragments, foregin objects, or dirt can get into the brain, damage brain tissue, can cause infection |
|
|
Term
| Which causes more damage, a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both types of head injuries can lead to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of memory as a result of brain injury or trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of amnesia? |
|
Definition
| anterograde and retrograde |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inability to remember ongoing events after the incident of trauma or onset of the diesase
forgetting things that happened after the trauma |
|
|
Term
| Inability to remember events that occured before the trauma/diease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
NOTE:
When dealing with amnesia, how much information is lost, how long it is lost, and if you will ever get it back is all dependent on the person. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of dementia? |
|
Definition
asking the same questions repeatedly
becoming lost in familiar places
being unable to folow directions
getting diroriented about time, people, and places
neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition |
|
|
Term
T/F
People with dementia lose their abilities at different rates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dementia is caused by many conditions. Some conditions that cause dementia can be reversed and others cannot. The two most common forms of dementia in older people are: |
|
Definition
Alzherimer's disease
multi-infarct dementia
these are irreversible and cannot be cured |
|
|
Term
| What is multi-infarct dementia also called and what is it caused by? |
|
Definition
vascular demensia
a series of small strokes |
|
|
Term
| What can cause reversible dementia? |
|
Definition
high fever
dehydration
vitamin deficiency
poor nutrition
bad reactions to medicines
problems with the thyroid gland
minor head injury |
|
|
Term
NOTE:
Sometimes older people have emotional problems (depression) that can be mistaken for dementia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common form of dementia among older people |
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Definition
Alzheimer's Disease
A brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities |
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Term
| What parts of the brain does AD affect? |
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Definition
| parts that control memory and language |
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Term
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Definition
Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German doctor
He notived changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness in 1906 (it was unusual becuase people weren't living long enough to get it) |
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Term
| Two physical signs of Alzheiemer's |
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Definition
Amyloid plaques (abnormal clumps)
Neurofibrillary tangles (tangled bundles of fibers) |
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Term
| What other brain changes have scientists found in people with AD? |
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Definition
loss of nerve cells in memory areas of brain (like hippocampus)
lower levels of chemicals that carry complex messages back and forth between nerve cells (messagers are harder to relay, AD may disrupt thinking and memory by blocking these messages between nerve cells) |
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Term
| How many Americans have Alzheiemer's? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do you usually start to see symptoms of Alzheiemer's? |
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Definition
| after age 60, risk increases with age |
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Term
NOTE:
About 3% of men and women ages 65-74 have AD, nearly 50% of those 85 and older have AD |
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Definition
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Term
| Organizing and shaping of information during encoding and retrieval that may cause memory errors and distortions |
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Definition
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Term
| Can our stored memory change over time or not be remembered at all? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the constructive process when we are trying to remember an event, we are not necessarily remembering it accurately. What are we doing? |
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Definition
| reconstructing it based on whatever fragments of our memory are left of that particular event, you fill in the details as you go along, some of hte them have happened, and some have not |
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Term
NOTE:
Because we don't record an exact version of hat happened in long-term memory, we tend to make some common memory mistakes, such as: |
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Definition
source amnesia
sleeper effect |
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Term
Source Amnesia
(source confusion or source misattribution) |
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Definition
| not being able to remember where we got a pieve of information experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
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Term
| Give an example of source amnesia? |
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Definition
| Did I get that thought from Wikipedia, class, did I make it up? |
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Term
| The tendency to initially discount informaton from an unreliable source; later, we consider it more trustowrthy because the soruce is forgotten |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of the sleep effect |
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Definition
| On th back of the national enquirer there is an ad for apple cider diet, you discount it bc of where you found it, and then you forget about it; then you are talking about diets, hey you should try the apple cider diet |
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Term
NOTE:
Eyewitness testimony
When people who witness an event are later exposed to new and misleading information about it, their recollections often become distorted. It's not that they are lying, but not remembering it right |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the misinformation effect? |
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Definition
| incorporaing misleading info into one's memory of an event |
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Term
| Give an example of the misinformation effect |
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Definition
| Partcipants viwed a simulated automobile accident at an intersection with a stop sign. After the viewing, half the participants recieved a suggestion that the traffic sign was a yeild sign. When asked later what traffic sign they remembered seeing at the intersection, those who has been given the suggestion tended to claim that they saw a yield sign. They are not lying, their memory is jsut faulty |
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Term
| How can we determine is memories of childhood abuse are true or false? (repression) |
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Definition
| Without corroboration of what has happened, it is very difficult to differentiate between false memories and true ones |
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Term
NOTE:
False memories are fairly easy to instill, particularly in children |
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Definition
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