Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions |
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Definition
| everything we do that can be directly observed |
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Definition
| the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly |
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Definition
| the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence |
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Definition
| gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning |
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Definition
| a branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths |
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Definition
| Wundt's approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes; so called because of its focus on identifying the structures of the human mind |
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Definition
| James' approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual's adaptation to the environment |
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Definition
| Darwin's principle of an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system, emphasizing that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as the drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences |
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| an approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior |
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| the scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders |
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| a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations |
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| an educated guess that derives logically from a theory; a prediction that can be tested |
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Definition
| a definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study |
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Definition
| a method that allows researchers to combine the results of several different studies on a similar topic in order to establish the strength of an effect |
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Definition
| research that determines the basic dimensions of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how often it occurs, and so on |
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| case study / case history |
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Definition
| an in-depth look at a single individual |
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Definition
| research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together |
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Definition
| the circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two other variables. also known as confounds |
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Definition
| a special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time |
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Definition
| a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable |
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Definition
| researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups |
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Definition
| a manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are; cause |
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Definition
| a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
| the outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the participants in an experiment who receive the drug or other treatment under study -- that is, those who are exposed to the change that the IV represents |
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Definition
| the participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor, the IV |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address |
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Definition
| the degree to which changes in the DV are due to the manipulation of the IV |
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Definition
| occurs when the experimenter's expectations influence the outcome of the research |
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Definition
| any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave |
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Term
| research participant bias |
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Definition
| occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them |
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Definition
| occurs when participants' expectations, rather than experimental treatment, produce an outcome |
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Definition
| in a drug study, a harmless substance that has no physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group except for the active agent |
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Term
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Definition
| an experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated |
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Definition
| the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
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Definition
| the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study |
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Definition
| a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected |
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Definition
| the observation of behavior in a real-world setting |
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Definition
| mathematical procedures that are used to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way |
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Definition
| a measure of central tendency that is the average for a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of central tendency that is the middle score in a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of central tendency that is the most common score in a sample |
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Definition
| a measure of dispersion that is the difference between the highest and lowest scores |
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Definition
| a measure of dispersion that tells us how much scores in a sample differ from the mean of a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| mathematical methods that are used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize a population |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's electrochemical communication circuitry |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain's special capacity for change |
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Term
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Definition
| also called sensory nerves; nerves that carry information about the external environment TO the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| also called motor nerves; nerves that carry info OUT OF the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| the network of nerves that conncets the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system consisting of the sensory nerves, whose function is to convey information from the skin and muscles to the central nervous system about conditions such as pain and temperature, and the motor nerves, whose function is to tell muscles what to do |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body (fight or flight response) (stress hormones) |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the nerve cells that handle the info-processing function |
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Term
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Definition
| provide support, nutritional benefits, and other functions and keep neurons running smoothly |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, which receive information and orient it toward the neuron's cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons |
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Term
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Definition
| in an inactive neuron, the voltage between the inside and outside of the axon wall (-60 and -75 mV) |
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Term
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Definition
| the brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny spaces between neurons; the gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and invovled in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory input and motor output |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the skull's rear, the lowest portion of the brain, consisting of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons |
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Term
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Definition
| the stemlike brain area that includes much of the hindbrain (not the cerebellum) and the midbrain; it connects with the spinal cord at its lower end and then extends upward to encase the reticular formation in the midbrain; oldest part of the brain; determines alertness and regulates basic survival functions |
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Term
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Definition
| located between the hindbrain and forebrain, an area in which many nerve-fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain; in particular, it relays information between the brain and the eyes and ears |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in the midbrain comprising a diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and sterotyped patterns of behavior such as walking, sleeping, and turning to attend a sudden noise |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain's largest division and its most forward part |
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Term
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Definition
| a loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex, important in both memory and emotion. Its two principal structures are the amygdala and the hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| an almond-shaped structure within the base of the temporal lobe that is involved in the discrimination of objects that are necessary for the organism's survival, such as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals; involved in fear |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure in the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories |
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Term
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Definition
| the forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the brain's central core and serves as an important relay station |
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Term
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Definition
| large neuron clusters located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| a small forebrain structure, located just below the thalamus, that monitors three pleasurable activities -- eating, drinking, and sex -- as well as emotion, stress, and reward |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the brain; responsible for the most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning; evolved most recently |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost part of the cerebral cortex, making up 80% of the cortex in the human brain |
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Term
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Definition
| structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| structures in the cerebral cortex, located just above the ears, that are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead, involved in personality, intelligence, and control of voluntary muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| structures at the top and toward the rear of the head that are involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| a region in the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations, located at the front of the parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| a region in the cerebral cortex that processes information about voluntary movement, located just behind the frontal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| sometimes called association areas, the region of the cerebral cortex taht is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres, responsible for relaying information between the two sides |
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Term
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Definition
| the body system consisting of a set of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing their chemical products into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many of our bodily functions |
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Term
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Definition
| unique primitive cells that have the capacity to develop into most types of human cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the responses of individuals to environmental stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| circumstances and events that threaten individuals and tax their coping abilities and that cause phsiological changes to ready the body to handle the assault of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transofmring those energies into neural energies |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| the operation in sensation and perception in which sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| the operation in sensation and perception, launched by cognitive processing at the brain's higher levels that allows the organism to sense waht is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect; the point at which an individual detects the stimulus 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| irrelevant and competing stimuli -- not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli for our senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected (just noticeable difference) |
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Term
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Definition
| the principle that 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different |
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Definition
| the detection of information below the level of conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli in the presence of uncertainty |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others |
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Term
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Definition
| a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the multi-layered light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain; the eye's "film"; primary mechanism of sight |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptor cells in the retina that are snesitive to light but not very useful for color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptor cells in the retina that allow for color perception |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons in the brain's visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| in the sense of vision, the bringing together and integration of what is processed by different neural pathways or cells |
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Term
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Definition
| theory stating that color perception is produced by 3 types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths; proposed by Thomas Young; red, blue, and green |
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Term
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Definition
| theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to a complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue; proposed by Ewald Hering |
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Term
| figure-ground relationship |
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Definition
| the principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground) |
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Definition
| school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns |
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Definition
| the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally |
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Term
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Definition
| depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes and on the way the two eyes work together |
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Term
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Definition
| a binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in our two eyes provide information about how deep and / or far away something is |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left |
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Definition
| the perception that a stationary object is moving |
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Term
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Definition
| the recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing |
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Definition
| the outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain |
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Definition
| theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound's frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses |
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Definition
| the nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain's auditory areas |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory nerve ending under the skin that response to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's temperature at 98.6 degrees farenheit |
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Definition
| the sensation that warns us of damage to our bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded bumps above the tongue's surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste |
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Term
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Definition
| the lining the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell |
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Definition
| senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation (embedded in muscle fibers and joints) |
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Term
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Definition
| sense that provides information about balance and movement |
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Definition
| 3 fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner-ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when we tilt or move our head and/or body |
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Term
| 3 goals of psychological science |
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Definition
| to describe, predict, and explain behavior |
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Term
| critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity, curiosity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge |
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Definition
| method of study for structuralism |
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| Father of Psychology (in general) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ways the the human mind interprets incoming information, weights it, stores it, and applies it to decision making |
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Definition
| individuals who are primarily engaged in helping others |
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Term
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Definition
| using therapeutic tools whose effectiveness is supported by empirical research |
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Term
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Definition
| doctoral psych degree (4-5 years grad school) and 1 year internship in mental health facility |
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Term
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Definition
| physician with medical degree specializing in abnormal behavior and psychotherapy; can prescribe medicine |
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Term
| Physiological Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience |
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Definition
-the physical processes that underlie mental operations (vision, memory)
-the brain's role in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| -the physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world (smell, see, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| -the intricate process by which behavior changes to adapt to changing circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
-examines attention, consciousness, information processing, and memory
-problem solving, decision making, expertise, and intelligence
-experimental psychologists |
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Term
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Definition
| -biological and environmental factors that contribute to human development |
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Term
| Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology |
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Definition
-I = personnel matters and human resource management
-) = social influences in organizations, leadership |
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Term
1. Observing Some Phenomenon
2. Formulating Hypotheses and Predictions
3. Testing Through Empirical Research
4. Drawing Conclusions
5. Evalutating the Theory |
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Definition
| 5 steps of psychology's scientific method |
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Term
| Satisfaction with Life Scale |
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Definition
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Term
| correlational coefficient |
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Definition
| r = degree of relationship |
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Term
| measure of central tendency |
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Definition
| a single number that indicates the overall characteristics of a set of data |
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Term
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Definition
| describe how much the scores in a sample differ from one another |
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Term
1. Informed consent
2. Confidentiality
3. debriefing
4. deception |
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Definition
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Term
1. Avoid overgeneralizing based on little information
2. distinguish between group results and individual needs
3. look for answers beyond a single study
4. avoid attributing causes where none have been found
5. consider the source of psychological information |
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Definition
| 5 guidelines to consuming psychological information |
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Term
-complexity
-integration (pulls info together)
-adaptability
-electrochemical transmission |
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Definition
| 4 characteristics of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the field that studies the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 types of cells in the nervous system |
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Term
| polarized (mostly negatively charged ions inside, mostly positively charged ions outside) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain resulting from injury or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| records the brain's electrical activity on an electroencephalogram |
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Term
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Definition
| 3D image obtained from xrays of the head (composite) |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic changes in brain based on activity; uses glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| creates magnetic field and constructs images of tissues and biochemical activities; cannot portray FUNCTION, only STRUCTURE |
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Term
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Definition
| see what is happening in the brain while it is working |
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Term
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Definition
| studies brain functioning and allows for causal inferences (virtual lesions) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins where spinal cord enters skull; governs breathing, heart rate, and reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| a bridge connecting the cerebellum and brain stem; governs sleep and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded structure involved in motor coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in higher cognitive functions like planning, reasoning, and self-control |
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Term
| expressive (Broca's) aphasia |
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Definition
| the language disorder that involves the inability to produce language |
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Term
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Definition
| in the left hemisphere, plays important role in the production of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| in left hemisphere; plays role in understanding and comprehending language |
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Term
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Definition
| hemisphere mainly in charge of language processing and production; some spatial perception |
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Term
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Definition
| hemisphere mainly in charge of spatial perception, visual recogntion, and emotion; some word recogntion |
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Term
1. collateral sprouting
2. substitution of funciton
3. neurogenesis |
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Definition
| 3 ways in which repair of damanged brain might take place |
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Term
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Definition
| axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches |
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Term
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Definition
| the damaged region's function is taken over by another area / areas of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| new neurons are generated |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of light, perceived as sight |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of pressure, vibration, and movement; perceived as touch, hearing, or equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| detection of chemical stimuli; perceived as smell and taste |
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Term
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Definition
| when one sense induces an experience in another sense |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next |
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Term
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Definition
| determined by wavelength of light that is reflected |
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Term
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Definition
| determines brightness; height of a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| whether wavelengths are all the same or are a mix; determines the perceived saturation (richness) of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the white, outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury |
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Term
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Definition
| the colored part of the eye; contains muscles that control pupil size |
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Term
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Definition
| appears black; the opening in the center of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 structures that bring the image into focus on the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| a clear membrane just in front of the eye; bends the light falling on the eye's surface |
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Definition
| transparents and somewhat flexible, disk-shaped structure filled with a gelatin-like material; fine tunes the image of the eye |
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| a tiny area in the center of the retina at which vision is at its best; most important part of the retina; contains only cones |
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| the place on the retina that contains neither rods nor cones |
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Definition
| where the optic nerve fibers divide and cross |
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| the part of the cerebral cortex involved in vision (in the occipital lobe) |
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| a location at which a sudden change of brightness occurs |
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| the binocular cue the brain uses to determine the depth / distance of an object; difference |
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| the number of cycles that pass through a point in given intervals; determined by wavelength |
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Definition
| the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of sound |
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Term
high - frequency = high pitch
low - frequency = low pitch |
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Definition
high - frequency = ?? pitch
low - frequency = ?? pitch |
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Definition
| the amount of pressure the sound wave produces relative to a standard; measured in decibels |
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Definition
| the perception of a sound waves amplitude |
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| tone saturation, or the perceptual quality of a sound |
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| the perceptual dimension of timbre |
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Definition
| the outer, visible part of the ear |
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Term
| eardrum (tympanic membrane) |
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Definition
| separates the outer ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound |
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| hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
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Definition
| intricately connected chain of the 3 smallest bones in the human body; transmit soundwaves to inner ear |
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Definition
| transmits sound waves to the cochlea; opening of inner ear |
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Definition
| tubular, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail |
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Definition
| lines the inner wall of cochlea |
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| the ear's sensory receptors; have cilia (tufts of fine bristles) |
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| a jellylike flap above hair cells that generates impulses that the brain interprets as sound |
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| sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami |
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Definition
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Definition
| information about the position of our limbs and body parts in relation to other body parts |
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Definition
| important for movement; trouble with this part of the brain has a link to Parkinson's |
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