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| scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| 2 ways to seek empirical evidence |
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scientific observation
research methods |
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| kinds of scientific observation |
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traits
motivations
individual differences |
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| 12 topics that psychologists research |
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| personality, development, learning, sensation and perception, comparative psychology, cognitive, biopsychology, gender, social psychology, evolution, cultural psychology, forensics |
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| course of human growth and development |
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| how and why it occurs in humans and animals |
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| how we come to know the world through our five senses |
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| behavior of different species |
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| how behavior is related to biological processes, especially activities in the nervous system |
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| study differences between males and females and how they develop |
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| how our behavior is guided by patterns that evolved |
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| how culture affects human behavior |
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| how to apply psychological principles to legal issues |
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describing
understanding
predicting
controlling |
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| naming and classifying various observable, measurable behaviors |
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| forecasting behavior accurately |
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| altering conditions that affect behaviors |
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| ability to analyze, evaluate, critique, and synthesize information |
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to actively reflect on ideas
to question assumptions
to look for alternate conclusions |
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| five basic principles of critical thinking |
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1. few truths transcend need for empirical testing
2. critical thinkers wonder what it would take to showthat a truth is false
3. authority does not automatically make an idea true
4. judging the quality of evidence is crucial
5. critical thinking requires an open mind |
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| any unfounded "system" that resembles psychology and is not based on scientific testing |
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| personality traits revealed by shape of skull and bumps on your head |
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| lines ony our hands (palms) predict future and reveal personality |
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| personality revealed by your handwriting |
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| the positions of the stars and planets at birth determine your personality and affect your behavior |
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| why do we believe in pseudopsychologies |
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uncritical acceptance
confirmation bias
barnum effect |
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| tendency to believe positive or unflattering descriptions of yourself |
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| when we remember or notice things that confirm our expectations and forget the rest |
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| tendency to consider personal descriptions accurate if stated in general terms |
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| six basic elements of scientific method |
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| making an observation, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis, building a theory, publishing results |
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graduate degree
trained in techniques and theories |
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| specialties of psychologists |
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clinical psychologist
counseling psychologist |
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| treats psychological problems or does research on therapies and mental disorders |
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| treats milder emotional and behavioral disturbances |
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Medical doctor
use medications to treat problems
generally do not have extensive training in talk therapy |
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| 4 points of professional ethics code |
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competence, integrity, and responsibilty
confidentiality
protection of the client's welfare
expected to contribute to society |
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| what percentage of psychologists actually do therapy |
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| how amny divisions of the APA |
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| what percent of psychologists are employed at colleges or universities? |
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| condition altered by the experimenter |
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| demonstates effects that independent variables have on behavior |
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| conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment |
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| participants who get the independent variable |
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| the participants who do not recieve the independent variable |
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| participant has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group |
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use of deception
invasion of privacy
risk of lasting harm |
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| research participant bias |
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| changes in participants' behavior caused by influence of their expectations |
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| changes in behavior caused by belief that one has taken a drug |
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| fake pill (sugar), injection (saline), or condition |
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single blind
double blind |
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| only the subjects have no idea whether they get real treatment or placebo |
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| the subjects and the experimenters have no idea whether the subjects get real treatment or placebo |
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| a prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the prediction come true |
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| elements of peripheral nervous system |
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links spinal cord with body and sensory organs
controls voluntary behavior |
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sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
serves internal organs and gland
control automatic functions such as heart rate and BP |
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dendrites
soma
axon
axon terminal |
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| how many neurons in brain |
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| receive messages from other neuron |
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| cell body, body of the neuron |
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| carries information away from the cell body |
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| branches that link the dendrites and soma of other neurons |
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| 3 components of nerve impulse |
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resting potential
threshold
action potential |
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electrical charge of an inactive neuron
approx. -70 mV |
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trigger point for a neuron's firing
about -50mV |
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nerve impulse
all or nothing event |
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| tiny holes in the axon membrane that allow Na+ and K+ to pass through |
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| when a neuron is less willing to fire |
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| microscopic space between two neurons over which messages pass |
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chemicals that alter activity in neurons
receptor site |
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| chemicals that alter neuron activity |
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| areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones |
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| brain chemicals that regulate activity of other neurons |
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| examples of neuropeptides |
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| relieve pain and stress, similar to endorphins |
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| released by pituitary gland, also to help relieve pain |
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| what levels do placebos raise |
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| the capacity of our brains to change in response to experience |
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| self-directed neuroplasticity |
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| every time you learn something, you are reshaping your living brain |
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| intricate network of nerves carries information to and from the CNS |
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| thin layer of cells wrapped around axons outside brain and spinal cord; forms a tunnel that damaged fibers can follow as they repair themselves |
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| 31 of them carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord |
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12 pairs that leave the brain directly without passing through the spinal cord
also work to communicate messages |
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| simplest behavor in which a stimulus provokes an autonomic response |
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| nerve cell that carries messages from the senses toward the CNS |
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| a cell that links two others |
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| cell that carries commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
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| cells of muscle fiber capable of producing a response |
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| treatment for brain damage |
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stem cell research
constraint-induced movement therapy
drug treatment |
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| locate parts of the brain that control particular mental or behavioral functions |
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| computed tomographic scanning |
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| computer-enhanced X-ray of the brain or body |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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| uses a strong magnetic field, not an x-ray, to produce an image of the brain and body |
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| examine changes in personality, behavior, or sensory capacity caused by brain disease or injuries |
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electrical stimulation of the brain
(ESB) |
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| the surface of the brain can be turned on by stimulating it with a mild electrical current delivered through a thin insulated wire called an electrode |
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| surgical removal of tissue |
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| alternatives to case studies |
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ESB
ablation
deep lesioning |
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| less invasive brain imaging techniques |
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electroencephalograph
EEG |
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| a device that detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain |
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positron emission tomography
PET |
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| computer-generated color image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain |
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| spongy tissue made up of mostly cell bodies |
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| two large hemispheres that cover upper part of the brain |
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| increase in size and wrinkling of the cortex |
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| band of fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres |
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| right hemisphere stroke victims pay no attention to the left side of visual space |
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clumsiness
awkward gait
por hand-eye coordination
other problems with perception or fine muscle control |
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| abilities of left hemisphere |
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language
math
judging time and rhythm
coordinating order of complex movements
processes information sequentially |
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| abilities of right hemisphere |
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perceptual skills
expressing and detecting other's emotions
processes information simultaneously |
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| areas bordered by major grooves or fissures or defined by their functions |
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| areas of cerebral cortex not primarily sensory or motor in function |
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movement
sense of smell
higher mental functions
controls motor movement |
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| contained in frontal lobe |
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motor cortex
mirror neurons |
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| sensation such as touch, temperature, and pressure |
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posture
coordination
muscle tone
memory of skills and habits |
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| speech disturbance resulting from brain damage |
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| related to language comprehension |
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| caused by damage to association areas on occipital lobe |
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hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain |
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medulla
pons
cerebellum
RAS |
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| connects brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions such as heart rate and breathing |
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acts as a bridge between brainstem and other structures
influences sleep and arousal |
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located at base of brain
regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination |
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| made up of hypothalamus, parts of thalamus, amygdala, hipocampus |
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relays sensory information on to the cortex
switchboard |
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| regulates emotional behaviors and motives |
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| what is the limbic system linked to |
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| emotional response and motivating behavior |
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| associated with fear responses and other emotions |
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associated with storing lasting memories
helps us navigate through space |
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| when are hand preferences obvious |
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| specialization in abilities of brain hemispheres |
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| the study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities from conception to death |
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| transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes |
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| molecular structure, shaped like a double helix, contains coded genetic information |
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| the gene's feature will appear each time the gene is present |
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| the gene's feature will appear only if it is paired with another recessive gene |
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| characteristics that are controlled by many genes working in combination |
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| the physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system |
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