• Legal term not psychological
• used in court to determine those not liable for crimes

• Manual used to diagnose mental disorders
• contains symptoms of all current mental disorders

• using multiple axis to diagnose a patient
• Axis I- Clinical disorders (major diagnosis)
• Axis II- Personality & developmental disorders
• Axis III- Medical conditions
• Axis IV- Psychosocial conditions (divorce, loss of job, etc.)
• Axis V- Global assessment of functioning

• showing common symptoms of anxiety
• specific phobia
• GAD
• panic disorder
• OCD
• PTSD

• unwarranted fear of situation/object

• experiencing constant, low-level anxiety

• acut episodes of intense anxiety w/o any reason

• persisent unwanted thoughts (obsession) causes a need to engage in an action (compulsion)

• traumatic memories cause anxiety, flashbacks or nightmares

• psychological problems manifest as physiological systems

• frequent physical complaints w/ inability to locate cause

• manifestation of severe physical problems (loss of vision, inability to move arm) without a biological reason

• disruption in conscious processes

• losing memory w/o a physiological reason

• experience psychogenic amnesia and find themselves in an unfamiliar place

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

(DID)

• having several personalities within one person

• experiencing extreme or inappropriate emotions

• having depression during specific times of year (usually winter)

• persistant feeling of sadness for 2+ weeks without reason
• loss of appetite
• feeling worthless
• change in sleeping

• Involves manic and depressed stages
• Manic: feeling of elations
• Depressed: feeling of sadness

• persistant sadness
• not as severe as MDD
• last long than MDD

• feelings people hold about themselves, their world, and their futures
• if negative can lead to depression

• giving up; feeling as though you cannot change your own fate

• extremely dibilitating disorder w/ chaotic, disorted thinking- characterized by delusions & hallucinations, loss of motor movement
• Types of Schizophrenia
• Paranoid
• Catatonic
• Undifferentiated
• Disorganized

Key Symptom: delusions of persectuion 

Key Symptom: odd movements, motionless, strange positioning

• Waxy flexibility evident

disorganized thinking present with no other symptoms

Symptoms: odd or chaotic speech patterns, inappropriate feelings or emotions

Perceptions in the absence of any sensory stimulation

Beliefs that have no basis in reality

• Delusions of persecution: belief that people are out to get you
• Delusions of grandeur: belief that you hold greater power/influence than your actually do

body can be posed and will remain in position

• symptom of catonic schizophrenia

high levels of domapine in brain is associated with schizophrenia 

• antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine levels

Muscle tremors/stiffness- parkinson like symptoms

• side-effect of antipsychotic drugs

stressors can create circumstances where predisposed biological psych disorders can express self

(increased stress can lead to onset of schizophrenia)

growing up with contradictory messages

• can lead to distorted thinking

maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively impact people

Symptoms: little regard for others, lie, no empathy, hostile

Symptoms: rely too much on attention & help from others

Symptoms: feel persecuted w/ no real threat

Symptoms: seeing oneself as center of universe

Symptoms: overly dramatic behaviors

Symptoms: overly concerned w/ certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors

• not as debilitating as OCD

marked by sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual

Symptoms: intense fear of fat or food, distorted body image, self-starvation

Symptoms: intense fear of fat or foods, distorted body image, binge-purge cycle (eat a lot and then purge food some way)

Developmental disorder

Symptoms: seek less social & emotional contact

Developmental disorder

Symptoms: diffculty paying attention or sitting still

Conducted a study on admittance into psych institutions

• subjects falsely reported hearing voices (sole symptom) & after admittance stoped symptoms
• admitted & diagnosed w/ schizophrenia
• released and labeled w/ schizophrenia in remission

Prehistoric treatment for psych. disorders

• holes made in skulls to release evil spirits

Attempt made to release medicated patients from psychological institutions 

• failed- many patients could not care for self 

Growing emphasis to treat psychological disorders before they become severe

Talking to patient to uncover underlying root of issue

Types of psychotherapy

• Psychoanalytical
• Behavioral
• Humanistic
• Cognitive 

• developed by Sigmund Freud
• Cause of disorder is unconscious
• Patient will lie on couch and freely talk about life

Say whatever comes to mind

• no censoring of thoughts/information

Psychoanalysts ask patients to describe dreams

• helps patient see root of problem

• Manifest: storyline of dream
• Latent: underlying meaning of dream

Patient strongly disagreeing with psychoanalyst about root cause of problem

Patient redirects strong emotions towards therapist

Therapies that help the patient gain an understanding of problem

Therapy that focuses on helping people to accept themselves and to realize self-actualization

• created by Carl Rogers
• hinges on unconditional positive regard
• therapist helps client choose best course of action

full acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says/does

Encourage patients to talk about feelings & therapist sometimes mirror back the feelings

Want patient to look at the whole self (thoughts, feelings, actions)

Belief that all behaviors are learned and base treatment on learning principles

Types of behavioral therapies

• Counterconditioning
• Systematic desensitization
• Aversive conditioning

• classical conditioning
• unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant response

(Ex: Charlie is afraid of the doctors, so mother brings favorite snacks so he now looks forwards to it)

Therapist teaches patient to replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation

rank-ordered list of what the client fears

much like systematic desensitization but client faces largest fear first

pairing a bad habit with an unpleasant stimulus

Desired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens

Focus on changing patients unhealthy thought patterns

• used to treat depression 

The way in which a person determines the cause of an event

• unhealthy: negative outcomes is due to personal failure 

Patient's belief about

• themself
• their world
• their future

People w/ depression have a negative cognitive triad 

Tackles the way a client thinks negatively, has client analyze probability of bad event happening

• client usually faces fear (social phobias)

Created by: Albert Ellis 

Meeting with more than one client at a time

• Family therapy: entire family meets
• Substance Abuse: people w/ like problems meet

Biomedical orientation

• Psychopharmocology (drug therapy)
• Electroconvulsive shock therapy
• psychosurgery

Use of drugs to treat psychological disorders

• Antipsychotics (Schizophrenia): Haldol, Thorazine
• Mood Stabilizers (Mood disorders): Tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, Serotonin-reuptake-inhibtors
• Lithium (Bipolar)
• Antianxiety (Anxiety disorders): Xanax, Valium, benzodiazepines

electric currents are passed through both hemispheres in the brain

• very controversial
• mixed results

Involves purposeful destruction of part of the brain

• done as a last resort

medical doctors; only therapists allowed to prescribe drugs

earn Ph.D.s, deal with patients that have more severe problems than family/marriage/work/etc.

Usually have graduate degree, examples are school psychologists, marriage & family therapists