Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych Chapters 4-5
Sensation and Perception vocab
69
Psychology
11th Grade
11/17/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
perceptions
Definition
process through which sensations are interpreted
Term
illusion
Definition
incorrect perception of a stimulus
Term
delusion
Definition
false belief
Term
hallucination
Definition
perception in the absence of a stimulus
Term
ecological approach
Definition
says that we perceive most clues from the environment directly. we are so well adapted to our environment that we do not require higher level analysis and inferences
Term
constructivists
Definition
emphasizes the inferences/guesses that people make about the environment
Term
computationalists
Definition
believe that neural activity transforms sensory stimulation into our experience of reality
Term
sensations
Definition
the messages from the senses
Term
sensations
Definition
the messages from the senses
Term
accessory structures
Definition
modify environmental energy before the energy is actually detected by the sensory system properly
Term
what is the key event of sensation?
Definition
transduction
Term
transduction
Definition
converts environmental energy into neural activity
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
cells that are specialized to detect certain forms of energy
Term
sensory nerves
Definition
carry the output from sensory receptors to the central nervous system
Term
For all senses (except smell) information first goes to the ________ which relays it to the _____________ where the most complex processing occurs
Definition
thalamus...cerebral cortex
Term
amplitude= _________ = __________
Definition
intensity = loudness
Term
frequency=
Definition
pitch
Term
amplitude is measured in ____
Definition
decibels
Term
frequency is measured in _______
Definition
Hertz
Term
auditory pathway
Definition
pinna- ear canal- tympanic membrane- hammer- anvil- stirrup- cochlea- auditory nerve- thalamus- auditory cortex
Term
what is the point of transduction in auditory pathways?
Definition
cochlea
Term
conduction deafness
Definition
problems with the bones in the inner ear- the middle ear’s bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations problems with the bones in the inner ear- the middle ear’s bones fuse so that they cannot properly amplify vibrations
Term
nerve deafness
Definition
problems with the auditory nerve or hair cells (cochlea)
Term
visual pathway
Definition
cornea-pupil-lens-retina- fovea-optic nerve- thalamus- visual cortex
Term
accomodation
Definition
is the ability to change the shape of the lens to focus objects on the retina
Term
what is the point of transduction in visual pathway?
Definition
retina
Term
retina
Definition
surface of the back of the eye
Term
lens
Definition
focusing light onto the retina
Term
photoreceptor cells
Definition
I. Specialized cells in the retina that convert light energy into neural activity (sensory nerves)
Term
photopigments
Definition
chemicals that respond to light.
Term
dark adaptations
Definition
the increasing ability to see in the dark overtime.
Term
2 types of photoreceptors
Definition
cones: color vision
rods: light
Term
blind spot
Definition
where the optic nerve connects which has no photoreceptors and is insensitve to light
Term
what does our sensation in hearing depend on?
Definition
amplitude & frequency
Term
what does our sensation in vision depend on?
Definition
light intensity (brightness) & light wavelength (color)
Term
olfaction
Definition
smell and taste
Term
somatic senses
Definition
touch
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
study of the relationship between the physical energy of the environmental stimuli and the psychological experience that those stimuli produce.
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
mathematical model of our personal sensitivity and response criterion combined to determine decisions about whether or not a near threshold stimulus has occurred
Term
sensitivity
Definition
the person's physical ability to detect a stimulus
Term
internal noise
Definition
the spontaneous random firing of neurons….always present and fluctuating
Term
response criterion
Definition
the person's willingness or reluctance to say that a stimulus is present
Term
just noticable difference (JND)
Definition
The smallest difference between stimuli that we can detect.
Term
Figure-ground Processing
Definition
try to assign some stimuli to the foreground (figure) and some to the meaningless background (ground).
Term
what is the Gestalt theory about perception?
Definition
grouping
Term
examples of grouping...
Definition
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure
Term
examples of grouping...
Definition
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure
Term
likelihood principle= ___________
Definition
simplicity principle
Term
Auditory Scene Analysis
Definition
the perceptual process of mentally representing and interpreting sounds.
Term
Two-dimensional Location.
Definition
ability lets us determine whether a stimulus is coming from the right or left, from above or below
Term
Visual dominance
Definition
bias toward using visual information when it conflicts with information coming in from other senses
Term
Depth perception
Definition
ability to perceive distance
Term
Visual dominance
Definition
bias toward using visual information when it conflicts with information coming in from other senses
Term
• Texture gradient:
Definition
graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. Texture appears less detailed as distance increases
Term
• Texture gradient:
Definition
graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field. Texture appears less detailed as distance increases
Term
• Linear perspective
Definition
the closer together 2 converging lines are the greater the perceived distance
Term
convergence
Definition
involves each eye rotating inward to project the image of an object on each retina
Term
convergence
Definition
involves each eye rotating inward to project the image of an object on each retina
Term
 Binocular disparity
Definition
: the difference between the 2 retinal images of an object (one from each eye), provides distance cues
Term
 Looming
Definition
rapid expansion in the size of an image on the retina so that it fills the retina, is automatically perceived as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object
Term
 Stroboscopic motion
Definition
an illusion in which we perceive continual movement from a series of separate still images moving across the retina. It enables us to perceive movement in films and videos.
Term
Perceptual constancy
Definition
perception of objects as constant in size, shape, color and other properties despite changes in their retinal image
Term
Bottom-up Processing
Definition
details. • relies on specific, detailed information elements from the sensory receptors that are integrated and assembled into a whole
Term
Top down processing
Definition
• Guided by knowledge, expectations, and other psychological factors
Term
schemas
Definition
a mental representation/visual/snap shot of a situation
Term
attention
Definition
the process of directing and focusing certain psychological resources to enhance perception, performance, and mental experience.
Term
covert orienting
Definition
you can also shift attention without moving
Term
overt orienting
Definition
shifting attention by pointing sensory systems at a particular stimulus… purposely redirecting attention
Supporting users have an ad free experience!