Information storage

ability to use stored information

computer metaphor

Sensory

Short Term

Long Term

iconic: visual, <.5 seconds

Echoic: auditory, up to 3 seconds

when followed by something else, we usually forget

example: 4 numbers are shown and can usually recall them w/o problem. but when #### is shown afterwards, we have no memory of the first digits

2 - 30 seconds

about long enough to remember a phone number before you dial it

7 +/- 2

duration vs. function

aka working memeory

central executive

manipulation

phological loop

visual/spatial sketchpad

episodic buffereing

Duration refers to the term "short term memory"

Function refers to the term "working memory"

one of the best ways to increase short term memory capacity

grouping digits/ things together to make them easier to remember

1.) attentding to stimulus

2.) Storing the info about the stimulus

3.) rehearsing the stored process to help solve problem

Phonological loop

Visuospatial sketchpad

Episodic Buffer

soley responsible for directing attention 

decides wat to pay attention to and puts the spotlight on things to remember

(like a filter)

also helps decide where to transfer the stimulus

-phonological

-visuospatial

-buffer

temporary store for sound or linguistic information

rehearsing what you hear 

auditory information holds long enough to manipulate 

example: taking notes in class

when shown a figure, try to manipulate it to remember so you could "display" it later

lassts sonly seconds before fading

can hold usually 3-4 images n short term storage

example: when someone is telling you directions, you create a map in your head to help remember

-area that information is stored before going into long term memory

-based on emotion; decides what to pay attention to

example: like a word document that hasn't been saved yet

-it is going to become permanent but is not attatched to the harddrive until you save it. time spent before saving would be like the E. buffer

obviously the practice of reciting material repeatedly

-enables us to repeat the info to ourselves as long as we need to retain it

example: storing and recalling shopping list; function of phonological loop

Mary Whiton Calkins

-ppl better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list

tend to forget items in the middle

primacy effect: remembering things at the beginning of list (b/c rehearesed to long term)

Recency effect: remembering things at the end of the list (b/c still in short term)

Implicit vs explicit

procedural vs priming

semantic vs episodic

Clive wearing case

Encoding

Consolidation

Storage

Retrieval

most broad seperation for types of memoy

Implicit: outside conscious awareness

(priming and procedural)

Explicit: well within conscious awareness

(episodic and semantic)

-case of h.m. 

-stored very different part of brain than explicit

-when we know or remember something but don't consciously know we remember

-non-declaritive

-outside concious awareness

-based on previous experiences

(-includes priming and procedural)

-not usually easily described, easier to just do

-memory of behavior or physical skills

-difficult to verbalize

-H.M.'s star excersize = example of procedural

-implicit memory occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure tot he same or similar stimuli

-recognition; more likely to remember due to exposure even if you don't consciously remember

-example: given a list of words and "ethan" was one of them, later asked to finish a word that starts with et i would likely say ethan because i was exposed to it before

-things we are able to verbalie and talk about

-conscious recall of facts and events

-semantic vs episodic

-refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed/declared

-deliberate recollection of facts/material

-knowledge/facts

examples: Capital of nevada, First president, etc.

-memory of our experiences

-usually more personal than semantic

example: when you come to a question on an exam, you remember the situation and page the answer is on, just not the exact answer

having episodic and not semantic

-Worst case of amnesia ever known

-only recognizes his wife

-now only has <30 second memory (less than a sentence)

-while giving an answer to a quesiton, he already forgot the question that was asked

-he has short term memory but no long term memory

-explicit, semantic, and episodic memories wer all lost

-encoding

-consolidation

-storage

-retrieval

computer model: chosing the correct format for a file

-the means by which we attend to, take in, and process new info

-process driven by attention

-two kinds: Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing

-little effort or conscious awareness

-since they are automatic, our recall does not improve much with practice

-not processed as deeply and less likelyto be recalled later

-EPISODIC memory is related to Automatic processing

-segment of encoding

-when you carefully attend to and put conscious effort into remembering information

-basis of SEMANTIC memory

-usually involves the rehearsal of the info 

-related to effortful only

-the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it

-Structural

-Phonemic

-Semantic

-concept of recognizing down to truly understanding something

-more deeply you process material, the better you will remember it

-part of the levels of processing in effortful processing

-most basic, simple recollection

-"what shape this is" probability of recall is low

-most shallow level of processing

example: was the word in capital letters?

-midlevel processing

-focus participant's attention on the sound

-probability of recall is higher but still not great

example: given a list of words and told to come up with a rhyme or alliteration for them

-deepes level of processing

-focussed on the meaning of things

example: take a word and define it and give an example

-computer model: act of actually saving the file

-process of establishing, stabalizing, or solidifying a memory

-resistant to distraction, interference and decay

-new proteins are manufacture in the brain and consolidation provides tie for the proteins to develop; once that happens the memory is beyond effects of interference and decay

-sleep= when most of consolidation happens

-step after encoding and consolidation has happened

-like creating files to organize documents on a computer

-retention over time

-hierarchial

-schemas

-associative networks

-organize information from most specific feature they have in common to the most general

-each step moves to a more general category

-mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events

-like a filter

-they bias our memory and perception

example: stereotypes

having a very friendly pet chihuaua as a kid, then the schema associated with chihuauas would be that they are friendly

-more likely to remember the things that fit into the schema than things that don't

-as you experienc emore things, you create more "boxes" that things fit into

-how things are related in network

-by accessing 1 word in networks, you get access to all the other words that are connected

-psychological process that binds concepts together

-linked together by their degree of closeness

-chain of associations beween related concepts

(each concept is referreed to as a node)

-links between nodes are associations

-when a node is activated by a concept they are primed to link it to nearby concepts or nodes

-computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to eachother

-series of nodes/associations in the brain

-nodes processing unit (neuron)

-nodes are not single concepts like a color or vehicle

-nodes=information processing unites 

-the more the nodes in a network communicate with each other, the stronger the link betweeen the nodes

-well known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks

-propose that associations involve simultaneous activity of many nodes

-many modes can fire at the same time = spreading activation to other nodes in the network; serving as a priming function (more likely to recall)

-PDP models = help explain how neurons and genes work together to store new long term memories

-recovery of info stored in memory

-like opening a file

--first sensation travels to thalamus; relays info to cerebral cortex to be processed

visual cortex=occipital lobes

auditory cortex=temperal lobes

-Somatosensory cortex (touch) = =parietal lobes

-taste/smell don't have their own processing regions

front most region of the frontal lobes

plays iportant part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory

-prefrontal cortex: attention (central executive)

-Hippocampus: consolidation

-Phonological loop: wernickes area

-Visuospacial sketchpad: parietal, occipital lobes

EXPLICIT:

-stored in the cortex where original sensation is processed

-occurs all over the brain and is not completely located yet

IMPLICIT:

-cortex-priming

-Striatum (part of the basal ganglia)

-Amygdala- emotional responses

-Hebbs law

-use it or lose it; neurons that never fire just go away

-sea slugs as an example

-when a certain neuron "talks" to another neuron more often, a genetic change happens and that neuron weights the info given from that other neuron heavier and more important (long term potentiation)

0neurons that fre simultaneously will form stronger connections

-neurologically most simple animal

-have far fewer neurons and they can be seen with naked eye

-sea slugs created a long term memory of how to react to the shock after they were exposed to it repeatedly

protein that is activated in order to strengthen the synapse permanently

-CREB activates elect genes, causing them to ve copied into versions that leave the nucleus

-

emotions spark synaptogenesis (new creations by neurons)

-Amygdala plays integral role in emotion and memory (near hippocampus)

-emotions can also distort memories though

positive bias: "the good ol days" remembering the good

Traumatic events - 2 extremes of memory; either no memory of the event at all or too much (PTSD)

Interference:

proactive; more common in things that are similar; new experiences cause you to forget old ones 

Retroactive: old memories inhibit ability to learn new ones

OMISSION: leaving things out

-transcience

-absent mindness

-blocking: tip of the tongue phenomenon

usually if given hint can get it

often under stress

COMISSION: adding

-misattribution (memory binding and cryptoamnesia)

-Consistency bias

-Persistence (PTSD)

-Suggestibility

false memories; recovered memories (are they reliable)

given a large group of words all related to the game of quiditch, when asked to write down as many words as you could remember, if you wrote down quiditch that would be considered memory binding

1 comission sin of memory

forgetting that something isn't your idea

-girl that wrote almost the same exact book as one she read before; but didn't remember that

forgot where the information came from

people reinforcing can change your mind

example; the guy who said "good job you picked him"; made you more confident that was the guy and you would continuously pick him again and again

point is: your memory CAN be changed/altered

Amnesia= due to an accident/injury

Forgetting: occurs naturally

Anterograde Amnesia: most common; cannot remember things that happen after the injury

Retrograde: not very common; cannot remember incidents BEFORE the injury

clive had both antero and Retro