Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych - Chapter 7
Learning
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Learning
Definition
Permanent change in behavior due to experience
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Previously neutral stimulus acquires ability to produce a response after it has been associated with a stimulus that already produces the response
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

Process by which behavior is changed by its consequences


Repeating positive behaviors, stopping negative behaviors

 

Voluntary due to environment

Responding decreases once reinforcement stops

Term
Observational Learning
Definition

Learning by observing others and imitating

Starts right after birth

Cognitive process

No reinforcement or punishment

 

Term
Conditioning
Definition
Process of learning based on associations
Term
Behaviorism
Definition

View that psychology should:

1) Be and objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

 

Most researchers believe 1 but not 2

Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition

Something that naturally and automatically triggers the unlearned 

 

Ex: Meat Powder

Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition

Unlearned/Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

 

Ex: Salvation to meat powder

Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition

Previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus so that it has the name unconditioned response

 

Ex: Bell

Term
Conditioned Response
Definition

Learned response to the conditioned stimulus

 

Ex: Salivating to the bell

Term
Acquisition
Definition

Process of conditioning; pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus until it causes the same response


Then the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

 

Pairing works best if the unconditioned stimulus occurs right after the conditioned stimulus

Term
Extinction
Definition

Getting rid of conditioned response by giving the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly

 

Causes the conditioned response to be forgotten

Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
The reappearance of an extinguished response following a rest period
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus

Ex: Crying --> Attention then learn to cry in front of other people in hopes of attention

Being attacked by a dog --> Being afraid of all dogs

Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition

Learn to make response in presence of one stimulus but not another

Ex: Phone ringing you pick it up, if its not ringing you won't answer

If you yell at a kid for running by the pool, they may still run by the pool when you're not around to yell

 

Term
Biopreparedness
Definition

Biological predisposition to make particular associations

 

Something things are easier to classical condition than others

Term
Conditioned taste aversion
Definition
Avoid foods that previously made you ill
Term
Alzheimer's and Classical conditioning
Definition

People who might develop alzheimer's later in life will show problems with classical conditioning before they show symptoms of the disease

 

Won't blink when they hear tones

Term
Chemotherapy and Classical conditioning
Definition

People undergoing chemotherapy will avoid foods they ate the night before due to taste aversion

Term
Skinner Box
Definition

Operant chamber - Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

 

Training animals for food

Term
Shaping
Definition

Process of learning behavior through operant conditioning

Systematic reinforcement of gradual improvements toward desired behavior

Term
Successive Approximations
Definition

Method of shaping

Reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior and you ignore all other responses

Term
Reinforcement
Definition

Any stimulus that increases the frequency of/makes stronger the behavior that follows

 

Works best if the consequence follows the behavior quickly after

Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition

Add something positive/good/pleasant

 

Reward

 

Ex: Getting a hug or receiving a paycheck

Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition

Remove something negative/bad/unpleasant

 

Often avoiding or escaping something

 

Ex: Putting a seatbelt on to stop the beeping

Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

 

Ex: Get food when hungry, have headache go away

Term
Conditioned reinforcer 
Definition

Secondary reinforcer


A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its associations with a primary reinforcer

Ex: Money, good grades, pleasant tones


Each are linked to a basic reward, money --> food

Term
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Definition

Every time a correct behavior occurs, it is rewarded/reinforced 

 

Learning is rapid but extinction is rapid if rewards cease

Term
Partial reinforcement schedule
Definition

Not every good behavior is reinforced always

 

Learning is lower but behavior is much more resistant to extinction

 

More like real life

Term
Partial-reinforcement extinction effect
Definition
It is harder to extinguish behaviors that are partially reinforced (rather than continuously reinforced) because the organism is not used to always being reinforced so it is less noticeable is it is stopped
Term
Punishment
Definition
Any stimulus that decreases the frequency of behavior it follows
Term
Positive punishment
Definition

Add something negative/bad/unpleasant as a result of an incorrect behavior

 

Ex: Spanking, parking ticket

Term
Negative punishment
Definition

Remove something positive/good/pleasant as a result of an incorrect behavior

 

Ex: Time out from privileges, revoked drivers license

Term
Problems with punishment
Definition

1) Punisher is a discriminative stimulus - Only stop behavior in front of the punisher

2) Attention - Punishing may be a reinforcement by giving attention to a child

3) Fear and anxiety - Child may associate fear not only with the undesirable behavior but also with the person who delivered the punishment

4) Modeling - Physical punishment teaches children to solve problems with physically

Term
Mirror neurons
Definition

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain tasks or when observing someone doing the same task

 

Can't be explained by behaviorists

Term
Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
Definition

Kids who watch adults beat up Bobo are more inclined to beat up Bobo given the opportunity

Observational learning

Media can alter attitudes/behaviors

Implications of Observant conditioning -> learning from media

Watching violence -> Increased aggressive behavior

Supporting users have an ad free experience!