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| Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge |
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| mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery |
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| mentral representation of a group of category that shares similar characteristics |
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| concept-rules for inclusion are sharply defined |
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| natural concepts/prototypes |
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| concept based on a personal "best example" or typical representative of that concept |
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| specific concepts are grouped as subcategories within broader concepts |
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| a set of steps that, if followed correctly, will eventually solce the problem |
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| strategies, or simple rules, used in problem solving and decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it |
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| persisting in using problemsolving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones |
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| tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way |
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| preferring information that confirms preecisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictiory evidence |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match(or represent) our previous prototype |
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| judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily availiable other instance of the event are in memory |
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| the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way |
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| thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas; a major element of creativity |
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| narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer |
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| sternberg and lubart's theory that creative people are willing to "buy low and sell high" in the realm of ideas |
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| form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specific rules |
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| smallest basic unit of speech or sound |
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| smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes |
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| rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts |
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| grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning |
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| meaning, or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combinations |
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| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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| Whorf's theory that the language a person speaks largely determines that person's thoughts |
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| vowl-like sounds infants produce beginnning around 2 to 3 months of age |
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| vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produve at about 4 to 6 months of age |
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| overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word's meaning |
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| two- or three- word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words |
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| applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule |
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| language acquistion device |
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| according to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar |
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| global capacity to thinkj rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment |
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| aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age-cattell |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span-cattell |
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Definition
| Spearman's theory that intelligence is a single factor |
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| intelligence as multiple abilities |
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Definition
| Thurman and Guilford's theory that there were seven to as many as 120 mental factors involved in the structure of intelligence |
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| Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| numerous forms of intelligence and that the value may be according to culture |
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| sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence |
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| there are three separate and different aspects of intelligence. Analytical, Creative and Practival |
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| most widely used intelligence test based of of STANDFOD-bINET'S TEST |
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| establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test |
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| a measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered |
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| ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure |
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| a condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brillance in some limited field |
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| negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities |
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