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Psych Ch8 Intelligence
Thinking, Language and Intelligence
43
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2009

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Term
Cognition
Definition
Mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge
Term
mental image
Definition
mental representation of a previously stored sensory experience, including visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, motor, or gustatory imagery
Term
concept
Definition
mentral representation of a group of category that shares similar characteristics
Term
artificial concepts
Definition
concept-rules for inclusion are sharply defined
Term
natural concepts/prototypes
Definition
concept based on a personal "best example" or typical representative of that concept
Term
hierarchies
Definition
specific concepts are grouped as subcategories within broader concepts
Term
algorithm
Definition
a set of steps that, if followed correctly, will eventually solce the problem
Term
heuristics
Definition
strategies, or simple rules, used in problem solving and decision making that do not guarantee a solution but offer a likely shortcut to it
Term
mental set
Definition
persisting in using problemsolving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
preferring information that confirms preecisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictiory evidence
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match(or represent) our previous prototype
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily availiable other instance of the event are in memory
Term
creativity
Definition
the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas; a major element of creativity
Term
convergent thinking
Definition
narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
Term
investment theory
Definition
sternberg and lubart's theory that creative people are willing to "buy low and sell high" in the realm of ideas
Term
language
Definition
form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specific rules
Term
phoneme
Definition
smallest basic unit of speech or sound
Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest meaningful unit of language, formed from a combination of phonemes
Term
grammar
Definition
rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts
Term
syntax
Definition
grammatical rules that specify how words and phrases should be arranged in a sentence to convey meaning
Term
semantics
Definition
meaning, or the study of meaning, derived from words and word combinations
Term
linguistic relativity hypothesis
Definition
Whorf's theory that the language a person speaks largely determines that person's thoughts
Term
cooing
Definition
vowl-like sounds infants produce beginnning around 2 to 3 months of age
Term
babbling
Definition
vowel/consonant combinations that infants begin to produve at about 4 to 6 months of age
Term
overextenstion
Definition
overly broad use of a word to include objects that do not fit the word's meaning
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
two- or three- word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words
Term
overgeneralize
Definition
applying the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule
Term
language acquistion device
Definition
according to Chomsky, an innate mechanism that enables a child to analyze language and extract the basic rules of grammar
Term
intelligence
Definition
global capacity to thinkj rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
aspects of innate intelligence, including reasoning abilities, memory, and speed of information processing, that are relatively independent of education and tend to decline as people age-cattell
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
knowledge and skills gained through experience and education that tend to increase over the life span-cattell
Term
general intelligence(g)
Definition
Spearman's theory that intelligence is a single factor
Term
intelligence as multiple abilities
Definition
Thurman and Guilford's theory that there were seven to as many as 120 mental factors involved in the structure of intelligence
Term
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Definition
numerous forms of intelligence and that the value may be according to culture
Term
sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence
Definition
there are three separate and different aspects of intelligence. Analytical, Creative and Practival
Term
Weschsler Test
Definition
most widely used intelligence test based of of STANDFOD-bINET'S TEST
Term
standardization
Definition
establishment of the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
Term
reliability
Definition
a measure of the consistency and stability of test scores when the test is readministered
Term
validity
Definition
ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
Term
savant syndrome
Definition
a condition in which a person with mental retardation exhibits exceptional skill or brillance in some limited field
Term
stereotype threat
Definition
negative stereotypes about minority groups cause some members to doubt their abilities
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