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Psych Ch3
N/A
73
Psychology
12th Grade
10/03/2012

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Term
environment
Definition
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Term
behavior genetics
Definition
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic environental influences on behavior
Term
chromosomes
Definition
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
Term
DNA
Definition
a complex molecule containing genetic info that make up chromosomes
Term
genes
Definition
biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
Term
genome
Definition
complete instructions for maing an organism, consisting of genetic material in its chromosomes
Term
identical twins
Definition
twins who devlop from a fertilized egg split in two
Term
fraternal
Definition
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs
Term
temperament
Definition
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Term
heritability
Definition
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
Term
interaction
Definition
the effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity)
Term
molecular genetics
Definition
subfield of bio that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Term
evolutionary psychology
Definition
the study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection
Term
natural selection
Definition
theory that those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely pass down its "strong" genes to succeeding gen.
Term
mutation
Definition
random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Term
gender
Definition
bio and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female
Term
culture
Definition
enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one gen. to next
Term
norm
Definition
understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
Term
personal space
Definition
buffer zone we like to have around our bodies
Term
individualism
Definition
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes
Term
collectivism
Definition
giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly
Term
aggression
Definition
physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Term
x
Definition
sex chromosomes in men and women
Term
y
Definition
sex chromosome in men
Term
testosterone
Definition
sex hormone that stimulate the growth of male sex organs in fetus and dev. of male sex characteristics during puberty
Term
role
Definition
set of norms about a social position
Term
gender role
Definition
set of expected behaviors for males and females
Term
gender identity
Definition
one's sense of being male/female
Term
gender-typing
Definition
acquisiton of a traditional masculine/feminine role
Term
social learning theory
Definition
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded/punished
Term
gender schema theory
Definition
theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male/female and adjust behavior accordingly
Term
developmental psychology
Definition
branch of psych that studies physical, cognitive, and social change thru-out the life span
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized egg (0-2 weeks)
Term
embryo
Definition
dev human organism (2 weeks-2nd month)
Term
fetus
Definition
dev human organism (9 weeks-birth)
Term
teratogens
Definition
agents, such as chem and viruses, that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal dev and cause harm
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Definition
physical/cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant woman's heavy drinking
Term
rooting reflex
Definition
baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open mouth, and search for nipple
Term
habituation
Definition
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Term
maturation
Definition
bio growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Term
schema
Definition
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets info
Term
assimilation
Definition
interpreting one's new exp in terms of one's existing schemas
Term
accommodation
Definition
adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new info
Term
cognition
Definition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
(Piaget birth-2yrs) stage in which infants know world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities
Term
object permanence
Definition
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Term
preoperational
Definition
(Piaget 2-7yrs) stage during which a child learns to use language but doesn't comprehend mental operations of concrete logic
Term
conservation
Definition
principle that properties of mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Term
egocentrism
Definition
pre-op child's difficulty taking another's POV
Term
theory of mind
Definition
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states about feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behavior these might predict
Term
autism
Definition
disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Term
concrete operational
Definition
(Piaget 7-11yrs) stage during which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Term
formal operational
Definition
(Piaget 11 on) stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beg by 8 months age
Term
attachment
Definition
emotional tie with another person (young children and caretaker; stress when away)
Term
critical period
Definition
optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces proper dev
Term
imprinting
Definition
process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Term
basic trust
Definition
(Erikson) sense that world is predictable and trustworthy
Term
self-concept
Definition
sense of one's identity and personal worth
Term
adolescence
Definition
transition period from childhood to adulthood
Term
puberty
Definition
period of sexual maturation
Term
primary sex characteristics
Definition
body structures that make sex possible
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
nonreproductive sex characteristics
Term
menarche
Definition
the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans
Term
identity
Definition
(Erikson) one's sense of self
Term
intimacy
Definition
(Erikson) ability to form close, loving relationships; primary dev task in late adolescence to early adulthood
Term
menopause
Definition
no more periods
Term
Alzheimer's
Definition
progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning
Term
cross-sectional study
Definition
study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
research in which same people are restudied and retested over a long period
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; decreases with age
Term
social clock
Definition
culturally preferred timing of social events
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