Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych Ch1+13 Robinette
Robinette's first test
269
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Psychology
Definition
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Term
Behavior
Definition
outward or overt actions and reactions
Term
Mental Process
Definition
internal, covert activity of our minds
Term
Psychology's Four Goals
Definition
Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control
Term
Structuralism
Definition
focused on structure or basica elements of the mind
Term
Wilhelm Wundt's Psychology Laboratory
Definition
Germany in 1879
Developed the technique of object introspection
Term
Objective introspection
Definition
process of objectively examining and measuring one's thoughts and mental activities
Term
Edward Titchener
Definition
Wundt's student; brought structuralism to America
Term
Margaret Washburn
Definition
Titchener's student; first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
Term
Functionalism
Definition
how the minds allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
Term
William James
Definition
Proposed Functionalism
Term
Gestalt
Definition
"good figure" psychology
Term
Wertheimer
Definition
Started Gestalt psychology
studied sensation and perception
Term
Cognitive Psychology
Definition
a field focusing not only perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
Term
Sigmund's Answers
Definition
proposed that there is and unconscious mind into which we push or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires
these urges created nervous disorders
stressed important of early childhood experiences
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
*must be directly seen and measured
Term
John B. Watson
Definition
proposed Behaviorism
*bases on work of Pavlov
*believed phobias were learned
Term
Case of "Little Albert"
Definition
taught to fear a white rat
Term
Seven Modern Perspectives
Definition
Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biopsychological, Cognitive, Sociocultural, Evolutionary
Term
Psychodynamic Perspective
Definition
modern version of psychoanalysis
*more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior
Term
Behavioral Perspective
Definition
Skinner studied operant condition of voluntary behavior
*Became a major force in the 20th century
*Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement
Term
Humanistic Perspective
Definition
*Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy
*Founders-Abraham Maslow + Carl Rogers
*Held the view that people have free will
Term
Free Will
Definition
the freedom to choose their own identity
Term
Self-Actualization
Definition
Achieving one's full potential or actual self
Term
Biopsychological Perspective
Definition
attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition
focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
Term
Sociocultural Perspective
Definition
focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Term
Evolutionary Perspective
Definition
focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
*Looks at the way the mind works and why
*Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value
Term
Types of Psychological Professionals
Definition
Psychiatrist, Psychoanalyst, Psychiatric Social Worker, Psychologist
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Term
Psychoanalyst
Definition
either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Frued and his method of psychoanalysis
Term
Psychiatric Social Worker
Definition
a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse
Term
Psychologist
Definition
a professional with a academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
system of gathering data so the bias and error in measurement are reduced
Term
Steps in the Scientific Method
Definition
Perceive the ?, Form a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw conclusions, Report the Results
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment
*Realistic picture of behavior
Term
Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Observer Effect, Observer Bias
Term
Observer Effect
Definition
tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observe effect)
Term
Observer Bias
Definition
tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
Term
Blind Observers
Definition
people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias)
Term
Laboratory Observation
Definition
watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting
Term
Case Study
Definition
study of one individual in great detail
*Phineas Gage- Famous study
Term
Surveys
Definition
researcher will ask a series of questions about the topic under study
Term
Representative Sample
Definition
randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
Term
Population
Definition
the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher in interested
Term
Correlation
Definition
a measure of the relationship between two variable
Term
Variable
Definition
anything that can change or vary
Term
Correlation Coefficient (r)
Definition
represents the direction of the relationship and the strength of the relationship
Term
Positive Correlation
Definition
variable are related in the same direction
*as one increases the other increases
Term
Negative Correlation
Definition
variables are related n the opposite direction
*as one increases the other decreases
Term
Experiment
Definition
a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
Term
Independent Variable (IV)
Definition
variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
Term
Dependent Variable (DV)
Definition
variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
Term
Experimental Group
Definition
subjects in an experiment that are subject to the independent variable
Term
Placebo Effect
Definition
the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
Term
Control Group
Definition
subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group
Term
Experimenter Effect
Definition
tendency of the experiment's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results
Term
Ethics Committees
Definition
group of psychologists or their professionals who look over each proposed research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in the study
Term
Critical Thinking
Definition
making reasoned judgement abou claim
Term
Four Basic Criteria of Critical Thinking
Definition
There are very few "truths" that do not need to be subjected to testing
*All evidence in not equal in quality
*Just because someone in considered to be an authority or to have a lot of expertise does not they are correct
Term
Pseudo Psychologies
Definition
systems of explaining human behavior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence
Term
Phrenology
Definition
reading bumps on the skull
Term
Palmistry
Definition
reading palms
Term
Graphology
Definition
analysis of personality through handwriting
Term
Personality
Definition
the unique and relatively stable way in which people think, feel, and behave
Term
Character
Definition
value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behavior
Term
Temperament
Definition
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born
Term
Four Perspectives in Study of Personality
Definition
Psychoanalytic, Behavioristic, Humanistic, Trait Perspectives
Term
Preconscious mind
Definition
level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious
Term
Conscious mind
Definition
level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
Term
Unconscious Mind
Definition
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other informations are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
Term
Id
Definition
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious
Term
Libido
Definition
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior
Term
Pleasure Principle
Definition
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Term
Ego
Definition
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, logical
Term
Superego
Definition
part of the personality that acts as a moral center
Term
Reality Principle
Definition
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Term
Ego Ideal
Definition
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
Term
Conscience
Definition
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
Term
Psychological Defense Mechanisms
Definition
unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
Term
Denial
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation
Term
Repression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
Term
Rationalization
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Term
Projection
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as origination with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings
Term
Four Perspectives in Study of Personality
Definition
Psychoanalytic, behavioristic, Humanistic, trait perspectives
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
Founer of the psychoanalytic movement in psych
Term
Divisions of consciousness
Definition
preciousness mind,conscious mind,unconscious mind
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others
Term
Displacement
Definition
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one
Term
Regression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
Term
Identification
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Term
Compensation (substitution)
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area
Term
Sublimation
Definition
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior
Term
Fixation
Definition
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage
Term
Psychosexual Stages
Definition
fives stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated
Term
Anal Stage
Definition
second stage occurring from about 1-3 yrs of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops
Term
Anal Exclusive Personality
Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
Term
Anal Retentive Personality
Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
Term
Id
Definition
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious (i want it now!)
Term
Libido
Definition
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of society's standards for behavior
Term
Pleasure principle
Definition
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Term
Ego
Definition
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, logical (resolve conflict, weigh consequences)
Term
Reality principle
Definition
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
Term
Superego
Definition
part of the personality that acts as a moral center (conscience)
Term
Ego ideal
Definition
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior (Jesus, Ten Commandments)
Term
conscience
Definition
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal
Term
psychological defense mechanisms
Definition
denial, repression, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, displacement, regression, identification, compensation, sublimation
Term
denial
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situatioin
Term
repression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
Term
rationalization
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
third stage occurring from about 3-6 yrs of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops
Term
Oedipus Complex
Definition
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent
Term
Identification
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Term
Latency
Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
Term
Genital
Definition
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it
Term
Neo-Freudians
Definition
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis
Term
Jung
Definition
developed a theory of a collective conscious
Term
Person Unconscious
Definition
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
Term
Collective Unconscious
Definition
Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species
Term
Archetypes
Definition
Jung's collective, universal human memories
Term
Alder
Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving forces behind personality and developed birth order theory
Term
Horney
Definition
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy
Term
Basic Anxiety
Definition
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
Term
Neurotic Personalities
Definition
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory
Term
Erikson
Definition
developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span
Term
Projection
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as origination with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings
Term
reaction formation
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self or others
Term
Displacement
Definition
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one
Term
regression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
Term
identification
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Term
Compensation (Substitution)
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area
Term
Sublimation
Definition
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior
Term
Freuds stages of personality development
Definition
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency, genital
Term
Fixation
Definition
disorder in which the person doesnt fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage
Term
Psychosexual stages
Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child
Term
Psychosexual stages
Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child
Term
Psychosexual stages
Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tried to the sexual development of the child
Term
Oral stage
Definition
first stage occuring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated
Term
Anal stage
Definition
second stage occurring from about 1-3 of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is a source of conflict. Ego develops.
Term
Anal expulsive personality
Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
Term
Anal retentive personality
Definition
a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
Term
Phallic stage
Definition
third stage occurring from about 3-6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops.
Term
Habits
Definition
in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
Term
Personality
Definition
a set of learned responses or habits
Term
Social Cognitive Learning Theorists
Definition
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning
Term
Social Cognitive View
Definition
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Term
Reciprocal Determinism
Definition
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Term
Self-Efficacy
Definition
individual's perception of how effective will be in any particular circumstance
Term
Humanistic Perspective
Definition
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Term
Self-Actualizing tendency
Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life
Term
Self
Definition
archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality
Term
Real Self
Definition
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Term
Ideal Self
Definition
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent
Term
Identification
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Term
Latency
Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
Term
Latency
Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
Term
Latency
Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
Term
Genital
Definition
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it
Term
Neo-Freudians
Definition
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis
Term
Jung
Definition
developed a theory of a collective unconscious
Term
Positive Regard
Definition
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others one's life
Term
Unconditional Positive Regard
Definition
positive regard that is give without conditions or strings attached
Term
Conditional Positive Regard
Definition
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
Term
Fully Functioning Person
Definition
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Term
Trait Theories
Definition
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Term
Trait
Definition
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Term
Allport
Definition
first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system
Term
Cattell
Definition
reduced the number of traits to between 16-23 with a computer method called factor analysis
Term
Surface Traits
Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Term
person unconscious
Definition
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
Term
Collective unconscious
Definition
Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species
Term
Archetypes
Definition
Jung's collective, universal human memories
Term
Alder
Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality an developed birth order theory
Term
Alder
Definition
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality an developed birth order theory
Term
Horney
Definition
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy
Term
Basic anxiety
Definition
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
Term
Neurotic personalityies
Definition
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory
Term
Erikson
Definition
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span
Term
Erikson
Definition
Developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span
Term
Habits
Definition
in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
Term
Social cognitive learning theorists
Definition
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies on learning
Term
Social cognitive view
Definition
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Term
Reciprocal determinism
Definition
Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
individual's perception of how effective will be in any particular circumstances (NOT the same as self-esteem)
Term
Surface Traits
Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Term
Source Traits
Definition
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Term
Introversion
Definition
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation
Term
Five-Factor Model
Definition
model of personality traits that descrive five basic trait dimensions
Term
Openness
Definition
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
the care a person give to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
Term
Extraversion
Definition
dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people
Term
Extraverts
Definition
people who are outgoing and sociable
Term
Introverts
Definition
people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and like able to grump, crabby, and unpleasant
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
degree o emotional instability or stability
Term
Trait-Situation Interaction
Definition
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a traits is expressed
Term
Behavior genetics
Definition
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality
Term
Interview
Definition
method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
Term
Projection
Definition
defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the oughts actually belonged to those other and not oneself
Term
Projective Tests
Definition
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
Term
Humanistic perspective
Definition
the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Term
Self-actualizing tendency
Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities
Term
Self-actualizing tendency
Definition
the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities
Term
self-concept
Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life
Term
self-concept
Definition
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life
Term
self
Definition
archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality
Term
Real self
Definition
one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Term
Ideal self
Definition
one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be
Term
Positive regard
Definition
warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life
Term
Unconditional positive regard
Definition
ppositive regard that is give without conditions or strings attached
Term
conditional positive regard
Definition
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
Term
Fully functioning person
Definition
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Term
Rorshach Inkblot Test
Definition
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
Term
Theramtic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situation as the visual stimuli
Term
Subjective
Definition
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and person experiences
Term
Direct Observation
Definition
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
Term
Rating Scale
Definition
assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale
Term
Frequency Count
Definition
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted
Term
Personality Inventory
Definition
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific standardized response from the person taking the test
Term
NEO-PI
Definition
bases on the five-factor model
Term
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Definition
based on Jung's theory of personality types
Term
MMPI-2
Definition
designed to detect abnormal personality
Term
trait theories
Definition
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Term
trait theories
Definition
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Term
trait
Definition
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Term
Allport
Definition
first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system
Term
Cattell
Definition
reduced the number of traits to between 16-23 with a computer method called factor analysis
Term
Surface traits
Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Term
Surface traits
Definition
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Term
source traits
Definition
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Term
five-factor model (Big Five)
Definition
model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions
Term
openness
Definition
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new expiriences
Term
openness
Definition
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new expiriences
Term
Conscientiousness
Definition
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability
Term
Extraversion
Definition
dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people
Term
Extraverts
Definition
people who are outgoing and sociable
Term
Extraverts
Definition
people who are outgoing and sociable
Term
introverts
Definition
people who prefer solitude and dislike to being the center of attention
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasent
Term
Agreeableness
Definition
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasent
Term
Neuroticism
Definition
degree of emotional instability or stability
Term
trait situation interaction
Definition
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Term
behavior genetics
Definition
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality
Term
Four basic dimensions of personality
Definition
individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance
Term
Interview
Definition
method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion
Term
Halo effect
Definition
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements
Term
projection
Definition
defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting" one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those other and not oneself
Term
Projective tests
Definition
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
Term
Rorshach inkblot test
Definition
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
Term
theramtic appreciation test (TAT)
Definition
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli
Term
subjective
Definition
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests
Term
subjective
Definition
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests
Term
direct observation
Definition
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
Term
rating scale
Definition
assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to a specific behavior that is listed in the scale
Term
frequency count
Definition
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted
Term
personality inventory
Definition
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test
Term
personality inventory
Definition
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test
Term
NEO-PI
Definition
bases on the five factor model
Supporting users have an ad free experience!