Term
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Definition
| an active system that recieves information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems |
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Term
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Definition
| holding onto information for some period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used |
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Term
| Information-processing model |
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Definition
| model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a comuter processes memory in a series of 3 stages |
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Term
| Parallel distributed processing model (PDP) |
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Definition
| a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neutral connections |
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Term
| Levels-of-processing model |
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Definition
| model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed" or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of word or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| the brief memory of something a person has just heard |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system that processes the information in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in a short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of memory in which all information is placed to be kept more or less permanently |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of transferring short term memory to long term memory by making that information meaningful in some way |
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Term
| Procedural (nondeclarative) memory |
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Definition
| type on long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. these memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory |
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Term
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Definition
| containing long-term memory that is conscious and known |
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Term
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Definition
| type of declarative memory containing general knowledge of language and information learned in formal education |
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Term
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Definition
| type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to eachother than concepts that are not highly related |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus for remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| type of memory retrieval in which the information being retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to match a piece of information or stimulus to a stored image or fact |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency for information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it |
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Term
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Definition
| error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| type of automatic endocing that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually |
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Term
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Definition
| spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to process information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| memory problem that oocurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information |
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Term
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Definition
| memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life history |
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