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| what are the three purposes of a trial? |
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Definition
1. a search for the truth
2. a test of credibility
3. conflict-resolving ritual |
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Definition
discovery
written interrogatories
depositions
decision rule |
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| statements from parties involved (where cross-examination isn't allowed) |
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Definition
| pretrial process where each side tries to gain vital info about the case that will be presented by the other side |
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| oral statement (in question and answer form) by a potential witness, given under oath in the presence of a court reporter and attorneys from both sides (allows opposing lawyer to cross-examine) |
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Definition
| governs whether a jury must reach a unanimous verdict or a majority vote will suffice for a verdict |
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| two steps of the process of identifying jurors |
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Definition
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Definition
| draw a panel of prospective jurors from list of licensed drivers and registered voters |
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Definition
| asking questions of prospective jurors to determine biases and eliminate those who may not be able to render objective service |
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Definition
| doesn't uncover juror bias |
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Definition
| encourages broader revelation, can be time consuming and costly (can be oral or written, in a open or closed court) |
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Term
| implicit personality theory |
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Definition
| network of preconceptions a person uses to make sense of how attributes relate to each other and observed behavior |
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Term
| heterogeneity of the jury |
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Definition
| may balance the expression and impression of discrimination or prejudice; improved fact finding and problem solving |
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Term
| scientific jury selection |
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Definition
| social scientists are hired to use empirically based procedures (including focus groups and shadow juries, systematic ratings of prospective jurors, and surveys of the community) to detect bias. |
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Definition
| overviews of the evidence to be presented (not to be considered evidence) |
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Definition
| the defenses last chance to question the witness |
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Term
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Definition
| in most jurisdictions, the trial judge makes the decision |
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Term
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Definition
| society grants any defendant the opportunity to appeal a verdict to a high level of courts |
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| is used to correct mistakes that that substantially impair the fairness of trials (protecting rights of those who may have been convicted unjustly) |
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| having the judge, rather than the jury, decide the defendants guilt, at the defendants request with approval of the prosecutor |
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Definition
| the jury's verdict being determined by factors beyond the evidence and the law |
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Term
| rate of judge/jury agreement in the replication study by hans and vidmar was |
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Definition
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| jury can acquit defendants who were legally guilty but morally upright |
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Definition
| explantations for the causes of behavior (ours and others) |
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Term
| 3 parts of attribution theory |
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Definition
"naive psychologists"
dispositional attributions
secondary victimization |
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Definition
| conclusions about cause of behavior considering personal and environmental factors |
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Term
| dispositional attributions |
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Definition
| rely on the person's ability level, personality, or even temporary states as explanations for the conduct in question |
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Term
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Definition
| societal response to the victimization is more disabling than the original victimization or stigmatic condition |
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Term
| actor/observer (bias) difference |
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Definition
| we find internal causes for others (bad) behavior, but external (situational) for our own behavior |
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Term
| belief in a just world keeps |
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Definition
| anxiety-provoking thoughts about one's own safety at bay |
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Term
| fundamental attribution theory |
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Definition
| people tend to underestimate external influences when explaining other people's behavior |
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Term
| self-serving attribution (bias) |
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Definition
| take credit for our successes, blame our failures on external causes |
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Definition
| good things more likely to happen to oneself (than others) and bad things less likely to happen to oneself |
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Definition
| murder, rape, sexual assault, robbery and assault |
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Term
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Definition
| interdisciplinary field about the process and consequences of victimization experiences and how victims recover |
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Term
| abused or neglected children were significantly more likely to have been |
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Definition
| arrested for violent crimes as juveniles or adults |
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Term
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Definition
| 24.2 million criminal victimizations occurred, over 5.4 mil being crimes of violence |
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| suffer a severe trauma and weeks or months later continue to experience intense, fear-related reactions when reminded of the trauma |
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Term
| steps in the trial process |
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Definition
preliminary actions
jury selection
trial
sentencing
appeals |
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Definition
| review the case and decide whether to overturn the original trial decision or to let it stand |
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Term
| kalven and zeisel research |
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Definition
| judges reported that their verdict would have been the same as 75% |
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Term
| the search for truth purpose |
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Definition
| parties collective search for the truth; to render judgements about truth of falsity of defense and prosecution positions |
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Term
| the test of credibility purpose |
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Definition
| facts and evidence are always incomplete and biased |
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Term
| the conflict-resolving ritual purpose |
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Definition
| to stabilize society, provide answers, and give closure so that people can resume their normal business |
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Term
| social desirability effect |
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Definition
| wanting to appear positive in social contexts |
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Term
| strauder v west virginia: selection must be from a cross-section of the community |
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Definition
| elimates the exclusion of jurors based on religion, race, or other cognizable groups |
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Term
| technological advancements- criminal activity |
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Definition
| cyberstalking and identity theft |
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Term
| histories of child abuse/neglected= |
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Definition
| increased levels of dysthemia and antisocial personality characteristics |
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