Term
| Developmental Psychopathology |
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Definition
| Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior considered within the context of normal development resulting in the current and potential impairment of infants, children and adolescents. |
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Term
| Models of childhood and child development |
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Definition
Set of assumptions and hypothesis' about how children develop over time...
Explanations and predictions about biological, psychological, and sociocultural processes and contexts and are embedded in particular historical and scientific eras |
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Term
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Definition
| Compared to the distribution in a particular sample, s.d. refers to the relative infrequency of certain emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Beliefs/expectations of certain groups about what kinds of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors are undesirable or unacceptable |
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Term
| Mental Health Definitions |
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Definition
| Theoretical or clinically based notions of distress and dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| Definitions & examples of disorder are influenced by the particular ideals and customs of individuals, groups, and mental health professionals |
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Definition
| With respect to children's functioning, refers to functioning that is okay,"acceptable" or "good enough" |
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Definition
| W/ respect to children's functioning, refers to functioning that is excellent , superior, or "best of what is possible" |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that are associated with significant distress and/or impairment in functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| All current cases of a type (or types) of disorder. |
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Definition
| New cases of a type(s)of disorder in a given time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors that impede access to mental health servies, including structural barriers such as lack of provider availability, inconveniently located services, transportation difficulties, inability to pay and/or inadequate insurance coverage; individual barriers such as denial of problems or lack of trust in the system; and sociocultural barriers such as the stigma of psychopathology or mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative attitudes (blaming, or overconcern with dangerousness) emotions (shame, fear, or pity) and behaviors (ridicule or isolation) related to psychopathology and mental illness |
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Term
Ch.2
Continuous Models of Psychopathology |
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Definition
| Emphasize the gradual transition from normal range of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors to clinically significant problems. |
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Term
Ch.2
Discontinuous Models of Psychopathology |
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Definition
| Emphasize distinctive and/or qualitative differences between patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior, that are within the normal range ad those that exemplify clinical disorders. |
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Definition
Emphasize biological processes, genes & neurological systems, as being core of human experience
-explain development of psychopathology, its course, and its treatment in terms of biological factors. |
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Term
Ch.2
Diathesis-Stress Model |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the combination of underlying predispositions (risk factors.. structural abnormalities or early occurring trauma) and additional factors (further physiological or environmental events) that lead to the development of psychopathology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of the brain to flexibly respond to physiological ad environmental challenges and insults. |
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Definition
| Collaborative effort by the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health to identify the approximately 30,000 genes in human DNA and determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA |
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Definition
| Mapping, sequencing, and analysis of genes and application of this data for medical, educational, and technological benefit. (termed by Thomas Roderick) |
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Definition
| Bottom-up process of understanding, in terms of molecular biology, how individual genes work. |
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Definition
| Top-down process of understanding the impact of genes at the psychological level. |
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Term
Ch.2
Psychodynamics Models |
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Definition
| Emphasize unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes; mental representation of self, others and relationships' the subjectivity of experience' and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment and maladjustment. |
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Term
Ch.2
Fixation-Regression Model |
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Definition
| Usually emphasized by psychodynamic theorist and clinicians, this model suggests that individuals who fail to work through developmental issues become stuck in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological models that emphasize the individual's observable behavior within a specific environment. |
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Term
Ch.2
Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
| A form of associative learning in which certain stimuli become paired with other stimuli resulting in the reliable elicitation of a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of learning in which consequences ( + or -) lead to changes (decreases, increases) in behavior. |
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Term
Ch.2
Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Form of learning that occurs by watching, remembering, and/or imitating others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that positive and negative consequences lead to changes in behavior; a critical component of all learning processes. |
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Definition
| That focus on the components and processes of the mind and mental development. |
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Definition
| Psychological models that emphasize personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child's purposeful creation of a self. |
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Definition
| Field of pysch focusing on "positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions," which seeks to promote individual, family, social and community well-being. |
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Definition
| Emphasize that the best way to understand the personality and psychopathology of a particular child is to understand the dynamics of a particular family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of family life and function that are shared by all children in the family. |
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Term
Ch.2
Non-shared Environment |
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Definition
| Aspects of family life and function that are specific and distinct for each child. |
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Definition
| Relationships and friendships that provide opportunities for companionship, acceptance, and intimacy. An absence of friendships, because rejection, conflict or withdrawal is associated with maladjustment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasize the importance of the social context, including gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, in the development, course, and treatment of psychopathology. |
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Definition
| Emphasize the immediate environments, or "behavior settings," in which children grow and make sense of their lives including homes, classrooms, neighborhoods and communities. |
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Definition
| Individuals born in a particular historical period who share key experiences and events. |
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Definition
| Approach to understand cultural variation that sees the way in which cultural differences are conceptualized as "deviation, maladaptation, or pathology." |
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Term
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Definition
| As opposed to the Deficit Approach, an approach to cultural differences where "cultural differences can be seen as legitimate, appropriate. and even desirable." |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviation from age-appropriate norms, exaggeration, or diminshment of normal developmenal expressions, interference in normal developmental progress, failure to master age-salient developmental tasks, and/or failure to develop a specific function or regulatory mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of adaptational failure (Ex. child develops language slower than others.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptational failure (Ex. child continues to suck thumb long after other children have stopped.) |
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Definition
| Adaptational failure (Ex. Child behaves strangely, unlike other children.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that adaptation (maladaptation) is an ongoing activity, with transformations of patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving at various developmental stages. |
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Term
Ch.3
Dynamic Systems Processes |
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Definition
| The idea that dysfunction involves many different individual factors at various levels of analysis. |
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Term
Ch.3
Transactional Processes |
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Definition
| Notion that children are embedded in environments that have an impact on dysfunction and that children are not only influenced by these environments but influence their environments as well. |
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Term
Ch.3
Longitudinal Processes |
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Definition
| Idea that function and dysfunction play out over time. |
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Term
Ch.3
Developmental Pathways |
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Definition
| Trajectories that relfect children's adjustment and/or maladjustment in the context of growth and change over a lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to developmental pathways in which differing beginnings and circumstances lead to similar outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to developmental pathways in which similar beginnings and circumstances lead to different outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively changeable nature of the individual and the individual's environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflects the logical and meaningful links between early developmental variables and later outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflects effective functioning in relation to relevant age-related tasks and issues; evaluations of competence are embedded in the environment within which development is occurring |
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Term
Ch.3
Domains of Competence |
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Definition
| Particular areas of skills and achievements such as academic behavioral or social. |
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Term
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Definition
| Domains in which children express relative satisfaction with themselves and their accomplishments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased vulnerability to disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with increased with vulnerability or risk |
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Definition
| Adaptation or competence despite adversity |
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Definition
| Individual, family, social characteristics that are associated with the positive adaptation of resiliency |
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Definition
| Increased vulnerability to any or many kinds of disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased vulnerability to one particular disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT a diagnosis that is assigned to a child, but a broad category including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and neglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child maltreatment including physical aggression that results in pain, injury, or bodily harm; this type of abuse may include hitting, beating, restraint and confinement, burning, shaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child maltreatment including adults or older adolescents using children or sexual stimulation; this type of abuse may include exposure, sexual contact, and/or sexual activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child maltreatment (emotional abuse) involving shaming, humiliation, or demeaning of a child, this type of abuse may also involve withholding affection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Child maltreatment involving a failure to provide for physical, emotional, and/or educational needs of a child. |
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Term
Ch.3
Cross-Sectional Research |
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Definition
| Collects data at a single point in time, with comparisons made among groups of participants (4yrs vs 8 yrs vs 12yrs) |
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Term
Ch.3
Longitudinal Research |
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Definition
| Ongoing collection of data from the same group of participants of the study of individuals over time. |
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