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Psych 492 Test 1
Test 1
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
01/27/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Developmental Psychopathology
Definition
Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior considered within the context of normal development resulting in the current and potential impairment of infants, children and adolescents.
Term
Models of childhood and child development
Definition
Set of assumptions and hypothesis' about how children develop over time...
Explanations and predictions about biological, psychological, and sociocultural processes and contexts and are embedded in particular historical and scientific eras
Term
Statistical Deviance
Definition
Compared to the distribution in a particular sample, s.d. refers to the relative infrequency of certain emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors
Term
Sociocultural Norms
Definition
Beliefs/expectations of certain groups about what kinds of emotions, cognitions, and/or behaviors are undesirable or unacceptable
Term
Mental Health Definitions
Definition
Theoretical or clinically based notions of distress and dysfunction
Term
Role of Values
Definition
Definitions & examples of disorder are influenced by the particular ideals and customs of individuals, groups, and mental health professionals
Term
Adequate Adaptation
Definition
With respect to children's functioning, refers to functioning that is okay,"acceptable" or "good enough"
Term
Optimal Adaptation
Definition
W/ respect to children's functioning, refers to functioning that is excellent , superior, or "best of what is possible"
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
Intense, frequent, and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that are associated with significant distress and/or impairment in functioning
Term
Prevalence
Definition
All current cases of a type (or types) of disorder.
Term
Incidence
Definition
New cases of a type(s)of disorder in a given time period.
Term
Barriers to Care
Definition
Factors that impede access to mental health servies, including structural barriers such as lack of provider availability, inconveniently located services, transportation difficulties, inability to pay and/or inadequate insurance coverage; individual barriers such as denial of problems or lack of trust in the system; and sociocultural barriers such as the stigma of psychopathology or mental illness
Term
Stigmatization
Definition
Negative attitudes (blaming, or overconcern with dangerousness) emotions (shame, fear, or pity) and behaviors (ridicule or isolation) related to psychopathology and mental illness
Term
Ch.2
Continuous Models of Psychopathology
Definition
Emphasize the gradual transition from normal range of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors to clinically significant problems.
Term
Ch.2
Discontinuous Models of Psychopathology
Definition
Emphasize distinctive and/or qualitative differences between patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior, that are within the normal range ad those that exemplify clinical disorders.
Term
Ch.2
Physiological Models
Definition
Emphasize biological processes, genes & neurological systems, as being core of human experience
-explain development of psychopathology, its course, and its treatment in terms of biological factors.
Term
Ch.2
Diathesis-Stress Model
Definition
Emphasizes the combination of underlying predispositions (risk factors.. structural abnormalities or early occurring trauma) and additional factors (further physiological or environmental events) that lead to the development of psychopathology.
Term
Ch.2
Neural Plasticity
Definition
Ability of the brain to flexibly respond to physiological ad environmental challenges and insults.
Term
Ch.2
Human Genome Project
Definition
Collaborative effort by the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health to identify the approximately 30,000 genes in human DNA and determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA
Term
Ch.2
Genomics
Definition
Mapping, sequencing, and analysis of genes and application of this data for medical, educational, and technological benefit. (termed by Thomas Roderick)
Term
Ch.2
Functional Genomics
Definition
Bottom-up process of understanding, in terms of molecular biology, how individual genes work.
Term
Ch.2
Behavioral Genomics
Definition
Top-down process of understanding the impact of genes at the psychological level.
Term
Ch.2
Psychodynamics Models
Definition
Emphasize unconscious cognitive, affective and motivational processes; mental representation of self, others and relationships' the subjectivity of experience' and a developmental perspective on individual adjustment and maladjustment.
Term
Ch.2
Fixation-Regression Model
Definition
Usually emphasized by psychodynamic theorist and clinicians, this model suggests that individuals who fail to work through developmental issues become stuck in the past.
Term
Ch.2
Behavioral Models
Definition
Psychological models that emphasize the individual's observable behavior within a specific environment.
Term
Ch.2
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A form of associative learning in which certain stimuli become paired with other stimuli resulting in the reliable elicitation of a response.
Term
Ch.2
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Form of learning in which consequences ( + or -) lead to changes (decreases, increases) in behavior.
Term
Ch.2
Observational Learning
Definition
Form of learning that occurs by watching, remembering, and/or imitating others.
Term
Ch.2
Reinforcement
Definition
Idea that positive and negative consequences lead to changes in behavior; a critical component of all learning processes.
Term
Ch.2
Cognitive Models
Definition
That focus on the components and processes of the mind and mental development.
Term
Ch.2
Humanistic Models
Definition
Psychological models that emphasize personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child's purposeful creation of a self.
Term
Ch.2
Positive Psychology
Definition
Field of pysch focusing on "positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions," which seeks to promote individual, family, social and community well-being.
Term
Ch.2
Family Models
Definition
Emphasize that the best way to understand the personality and psychopathology of a particular child is to understand the dynamics of a particular family.
Term
Ch.2
Shared Environment
Definition
Aspects of family life and function that are shared by all children in the family.
Term
Ch.2
Non-shared Environment
Definition
Aspects of family life and function that are specific and distinct for each child.
Term
Ch.2
Peer Relationships
Definition
Relationships and friendships that provide opportunities for companionship, acceptance, and intimacy. An absence of friendships, because rejection, conflict or withdrawal is associated with maladjustment.
Term
Ch.2
Sociocultural Models
Definition
Emphasize the importance of the social context, including gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, in the development, course, and treatment of psychopathology.
Term
Ch.2
Ecological Models
Definition
Emphasize the immediate environments, or "behavior settings," in which children grow and make sense of their lives including homes, classrooms, neighborhoods and communities.
Term
Ch.2
Birth Cohort
Definition
Individuals born in a particular historical period who share key experiences and events.
Term
Ch.2
Deficit Approach
Definition
Approach to understand cultural variation that sees the way in which cultural differences are conceptualized as "deviation, maladaptation, or pathology."
Term
Ch.2
Difference Approach
Definition
As opposed to the Deficit Approach, an approach to cultural differences where "cultural differences can be seen as legitimate, appropriate. and even desirable."
Term
Ch.3
Adaptation Failure
Definition
Deviation from age-appropriate norms, exaggeration, or diminshment of normal developmenal expressions, interference in normal developmental progress, failure to master age-salient developmental tasks, and/or failure to develop a specific function or regulatory mechanism.
Term
Ch.3
Delay
Definition
Type of adaptational failure (Ex. child develops language slower than others.)
Term
Ch.3
Fixation
Definition
Adaptational failure (Ex. child continues to suck thumb long after other children have stopped.)
Term
Ch.3
Deviance
Definition
Adaptational failure (Ex. Child behaves strangely, unlike other children.)
Term
Ch.3
Process
Definition
Idea that adaptation (maladaptation) is an ongoing activity, with transformations of patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving at various developmental stages.
Term
Ch.3
Dynamic Systems Processes
Definition
The idea that dysfunction involves many different individual factors at various levels of analysis.
Term
Ch.3
Transactional Processes
Definition
Notion that children are embedded in environments that have an impact on dysfunction and that children are not only influenced by these environments but influence their environments as well.
Term
Ch.3
Longitudinal Processes
Definition
Idea that function and dysfunction play out over time.
Term
Ch.3
Developmental Pathways
Definition
Trajectories that relfect children's adjustment and/or maladjustment in the context of growth and change over a lifetime.
Term
Ch.3
Equifinality
Definition
Refers to developmental pathways in which differing beginnings and circumstances lead to similar outcomes.
Term
Ch.3
Multifinality
Definition
Refers to developmental pathways in which similar beginnings and circumstances lead to different outcomes
Term
Ch.3
Plasticity
Definition
Relatively changeable nature of the individual and the individual's environment.
Term
Ch.3
Coherence
Definition
Reflects the logical and meaningful links between early developmental variables and later outcomes.
Term
Ch.3
Competence
Definition
Reflects effective functioning in relation to relevant age-related tasks and issues; evaluations of competence are embedded in the environment within which development is occurring
Term
Ch.3
Domains of Competence
Definition
Particular areas of skills and achievements such as academic behavioral or social.
Term
Ch.3
Arenas of Comfort
Definition
Domains in which children express relative satisfaction with themselves and their accomplishments.
Term
Ch.3
Risk
Definition
Increased vulnerability to disorder
Term
Ch.3
Risk Factors
Definition
Individual, family, and social characteristics that are associated with increased with vulnerability or risk
Term
Ch.3
Resiliency
Definition
Adaptation or competence despite adversity
Term
Ch.3
Protective Factors
Definition
Individual, family, social characteristics that are associated with the positive adaptation of resiliency
Term
Ch.3
Nonspecific Risk
Definition
Increased vulnerability to any or many kinds of disorders.
Term
Ch.3
Specific Risk
Definition
Increased vulnerability to one particular disorder.
Term
Ch. 3
Child Maltreatment
Definition
NOT a diagnosis that is assigned to a child, but a broad category including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and neglect.
Term
Ch. 3
Physical Abuse
Definition
Child maltreatment including physical aggression that results in pain, injury, or bodily harm; this type of abuse may include hitting, beating, restraint and confinement, burning, shaking.
Term
Ch.3
Sexual Abuse
Definition
Child maltreatment including adults or older adolescents using children or sexual stimulation; this type of abuse may include exposure, sexual contact, and/or sexual activities.
Term
Ch.3
Psychological Abuse
Definition
Child maltreatment (emotional abuse) involving shaming, humiliation, or demeaning of a child, this type of abuse may also involve withholding affection.
Term
Ch.3
Neglect
Definition
Child maltreatment involving a failure to provide for physical, emotional, and/or educational needs of a child.
Term
Ch.3
Cross-Sectional Research
Definition
Collects data at a single point in time, with comparisons made among groups of participants (4yrs vs 8 yrs vs 12yrs)
Term
Ch.3
Longitudinal Research
Definition
Ongoing collection of data from the same group of participants of the study of individuals over time.
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