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Psych 438 Lecture 2
Intro to Behavioral Endocrinology Part 2
47
Psychology
4th Grade
02/15/2009

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Cards

Term

Concepts from chapter 1 reading that we're responsible for on the test:

 

- basic biology of eukaryotic cells, genetic code

- basic concepts in neurobiology incl:

* neuron anatomy

* membrane potential

* action potential

* synaptic transmission

 

Definition
asdf
Term
2 brain regions that interact to regulate hormone release are the ___ and ___.
Definition
2 brain regions that interact to regulate hormone release are the hypothalamus and pituitary.
Term
3 types of chemical messengers are:
Definition

3 types of chemical messengers are:

 

neurotransmitters

neurohormones

hormones

 

Term

Neurotransmitters are produced by ___ and released at a ___.

2 examples are:

Definition

Neurotransmitters are produced by neurons and released at a synapse.

2 examples are: dopamine & glutamate

 

Term

Neurohormonse are produced by _____ (which are specialized ___) into circulation directly to ____.

 

2 examples:

Definition

Neurohormonse are produced by neurosecretory cells (which are specialized neurons) into circulation directly to another organ.

 

2 examples: oxytocin & vasopressin
Term

Hormones are produced by ___ and released ____.

 

2 examples:

 

Definition

Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and released into the circulatory system.

 

2 examples: testosterone & corticosterone

 

 

Term
In the secretory process cells communicate by releasing chemicals via ___ -- the chemicals are packaged into ___ in the ___ and the ___, then released into ____.
Definition

In the secretory process cells communicate by releasing chemicals via exocytosis -- the chemicals are packaged into vesicles in the endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus, then released into the extracellular space.

 

Term
In exocytosis the ____ of vesicles ____s with the ___ of the cell.
Definition
In exocytosis the membrane of vesicles fuses with the membrane of the cell.
Term

Some general features of the endocrine system include:

 

- ___ glands

- a rich ___

- hormones are secreted into ___

- hormones can travel ____

- hormones bind to ___

 

Definition

Some general features of the endocrine system include:

 

- ductless glands

- a rich blood supply

- hormones are secreted into the bloodstream

- hormones can travel throughout the body

- hormones bind to specific receptors

 

 

Term

An analogy to 'hormone vs. neurotransmitter' is:

 

__ vs. __

Definition

An analogy to 'hormone vs. neurotransmitter' is:

 

Car vs. Train

 

Term
The 2 basic types of hormones are __ and __.
Definition
The 2 basic types of hormones are steroids and peptides.
Term
5 categories of steroid hormones
Definition

glucocorticoids

 

mineralocorticoids

 

androgens

 

estrogens

 

progestins

 

Term
5 categories/examples of peptide hormones
Definition

arginine-vasopressin (AVP)

 

oxytocin (OT)

 

angiotensin, insulin

 

leptin

 

releasing factors (and more)

 

Term

Size & membrane permeability

of steroid vs. peptide hormones

 

 

Definition

steroid hormones are small and lipophilic & pass through cell membranes

 

pepties hormones are large & can't pass cell membranes

 

Term
speed of steroid vs. peptide hormones
Definition

steroid hormones are slow

(effects on the order of hours to days)

 

 

peptide hormones are fast

(effects on the order of milliseconds to minutes)

 

Term

Which type of hormones have receptors in the nucleus and cause genetic changes related to protein production?

 

Which type of hormones have receptors on the cell surface and use 2nd messengers to affect production of the cell especially at the golgi/ER?

 

 

(Note: this is a generalization of the effects for each type)

Definition

Which type of hormones have receptors in the nucleus and cause genetic changes related to protein production?

 

steroid hormones

 

Which type of hormones have receptors on the cell surface and use 2nd messengers to affect production of the cell especially at the golgi/ER?

 

peptide hormones

 

(Note: this is a generalization of the effects for each type)
Term
A steroid hormone bound to its receptor affects ____ which affects _____ which affects _____ which affects ____ production.
Definition
A steroid hormone bound to its receptor affects transcription which affects mRNA which affects translation which affects protein production.
Term

Peptide/protein hormone receptors have 3 domains:

 

- The __ domain binds the ligand

- The other 2 are the ___ domain and the ___ domain

 

Definition

Peptide/protein hormone receptors have 3 domains:

 

- The extracellular domain binds the ligand

- The other 2 are the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain

 

Term
In the non-bound state, a metabotropic receptor is ___ to a ____.
Definition
In the non-bound state, a metabotropic receptor is bound to a G-protein.
Term

When a peptide hormone receptor binds a ligand it induces a __ change that __ the G-protein which activates a ___ such as ____.

 

This component of the pathway will then either:

- alter a __ pathway

- turn on a ___ in the nucleus

OR

- open or close a ___

 

Definition

When a peptide hormone receptor binds a ligand it induces a conformational change that releases the G-protein which activates a 2nd messenger such as cAMP.

 

This component of the pathway will then either:

- alter a metabolic pathway

- turn on a gene in the nucleus

OR

- open or close a ion channel

 

 

Term

One reason to care about hormone

receptors is that __ cancers

can be __ dependent.

 

__ is a common treatment that

blocks the __ for that hormone,

preventing the growth of

that cancer cell.

Definition

One reason to care about hormone

receptors is that breast cancers

can be estrogen dependent.

 

Tamoxifen is a common treatment that

blocks the receptor for that hormone,

preventing the growth of

that cancer cell.
Term
Learn the endocrine glands from slide 15 graphic
Definition
asdf
Term
What organ has recently been classified as an endocrine organ?
Definition
the skeleton
Term

What protein produced by the skeleton earned the skeleton its classification as an endocrine organ?

 

This protein regulates the absorption of __ and __.

Definition

What protein produced by the skeleton

earned the skeleton its

classification as an endocrine organ?

 

Osteocalcin

 

 

 

This protein regulates the

absorption of sugar and fat.

Term
What are the 2 main parts of the adrenal gland?
Definition
the cortex and the medulla
Term

How many distinct zones are in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

 

The cortex releases 2 ___s (__ & __)

as well as ___s (____)

Definition

How many distinct zones are in the cortex of the adrenal gland?

 

3

 

 

The cortex releases 2 glucocorticoids (corticosterone & cortisol)

as well as mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Term

The medulla of the adrenal gland is part of the ___

and releases these 4 things:

Definition

The medulla of the adrenal gland is part of the ANS

and releases these 4 things:

 

epinephrine

norepinephrine

enkephalins

endorphins

 

 

 

 

Term
The adrenal glands are on which organ?
Definition
the kidneys
Term
The primary product of the pineal gland is __.
Definition
The primary product of the pineal gland is melatonin.
Term
In the pineal gland, __ cells function exclusively as __ structures.
Definition
In the pineal gland, individual cells function exclusively as secretory structures.
Term
know where the pineal gland is located (slide 18)
Definition
asdf
Term
learn testes anatomy (slide 19)
Definition
asdf
Term

In the biosynthesis of testosterone, the starting product is ___.

 

The last step of the pathway in the 'adrenal and testis' segment of the pathway is ___ which is converted to ___ in the testis.

 

Testosterone is converted to __ in the peripheral tissues by the enzyme ___.

Definition

In the biosynthesis of testosterone, the starting product is cholesterol.

 

The last step of the pathway in the 'adrenal and testis' segment of the pathway is androstenedione which is converted to testosterone in the testis.

 

Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in the peripheral tissues by the enzyme 5a-Reductase.
Term
ovary anatomy (slide 21)
Definition
asdf
Term

In biosynthesis of steroids in the ovaries the starting product is __ (same as for testosterone).

 

The two intermediates we need to know are __ and __, although there are many more intermediates AND there are actually TWO parallel pathways that lead to the final product with crossover from one pathway to the other being possible.

 

The final product is called ___.

Definition

In biosynthesis of steroids in the ovaries the starting product is cholesterol (same as for testosterone).

 

The two intermediates we need to know are progesterone and estrone,

 although there are many more intermediates AND there are actually TWO parallel pathways that lead to the final product with crossover from one pathway to the other being possible.

 

The final product is called estradiol.
Term

The placenta is a __ endocrine organ in female mammals that develops during __.

 

It maintains __, __, and __ functions for the fetus.

 

It secretes a number of hormones including ___ (1).

 

It maintains __  __ function and __ secretion during pregnancy.

Definition

The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ in female mammals that develops during pregnancy.

 

It maintains nutritional, respiratory, and excretory functions for the fetus.

 

It secretes a number of hormones including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) .

 

It maintains corpora luteal function and progesterone secretion during pregnancy.
Term

Which gland is the 'master gland'?

 

It controls hormone release from which other gland?

 

 And the hormones released from that other gland act on target organs to produce peripheral hormone release from which 3 other places?

Definition

Which gland is the 'master gland'? - the hypothalamus

 

It controls hormone release from which other gland?

the pituitary

 

 And the hormones released from that other gland act on target organs to produce peripheral hormone release from which 3 other places?

 

the adrenal gland, the thyroid gland,

and the gonads

Term
The hypothalamus receives information from ___
Definition
the brain
Term
The hypothalamus interactis with TWO parts of the pituitary, the __ and the __, each of which is a unique interaction.
Definition
The hypothalamus interactis with TWO parts of the pituitary, the anterior and the posterior, each of which is a unique interaction.
Term
The hypothalamus releases '___ing hormones' (which are the ___ hormone type) into a portal system that regulates the release of hormones from the __ pituitary.
Definition
The hypothalamus releases 'releasinging hormones' (which are the peptide hormone type) into a portal system that regulates the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Term

The hypothalamus releases ___ into the ant. pituitary which then releases ___ which causes the ___ glands to release ____.

 

 

It also releases ___ to the ant. pit. which causes the ant. pit. to release ___.

Definition

The hypothalamus releases CRH into the ant. pituitary which then releases ACTH which causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

 

 

It also releases GnRH to the ant. pit. which causes the ant. pit. to release LH.

 

Term

The hypothalamus ____ peptides directly to the ___ pituitary.

 

These 2 hormones are ___ (__) and ___ (___) and are released directly into the bloodstream to act on target organs.

This differs from hormones released by the anterior pituitary because those hormones target yet another gland (the adrenals) which then releases the hormones that actually affect target organs.

Definition

The hypothalamus transports peptides directly to the posterior pituitary.

 

These 2 hormones are oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) and are released directly into the bloodstream to act on target organs.

This differs from hormones released by the anterior pituitary because those hormones target yet another gland (the adrenals) which then releases the hormones that actually affect target organs.

Term

Which 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

 

 

 

also: reviewing slide 29 diagram is good for understanding the concept differences between the ant. and post. pituitary.

Definition

Which 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

 

Prolactin (PRL)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Growth hormone (GH)

Term

___ released from the hypothalamus causes release of ___ from the anterior pituitary which causes release of ___ from the adrenal glands.

 

This hormone released from the adrenal glands then provides ___ feedback to the __ and the anterior pituitary.

 

 

This whole system is known as the ___  ____ .

Definition

CRH / corticotropin releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus causes release of AcH / Adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary which causes release of cortisol from the adrenal glands.

 

This hormone released from the adrenal glands then provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.

 

This whole system is known as the HPA axis.

 

Term
negative feedback helps mediate systems and prevent the system from getting ___ of ___.
Definition
negative feedback helps mediate systems and prevent the system from getting out of control.
Term

last slide not done: 32

 

Definition
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