Term
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Definition
| Something that can have at least two levels or possible values |
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Term
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Definition
| Variables that originate from a participant, which are observed and recorded by a researcher; can be things such as height, weight, scores on a questionaire |
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Term
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Definition
| Variables that are controlled by researchers, levels are assigned to participants; can be drug dosage, levels of exposure, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of variable that is clearly cut into categories with no data reconstruction; either/or, yes/no, present/absent |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of variable where dimensional data is reconstructed into categorical data; taking a broad range of answers and lumping them into categories |
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Term
1. Conceptual
2. Operational |
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Definition
| Name the two definitions of a variable |
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Term
| Conceptual Definition of Variable |
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Definition
| Abstract definition of a variable typically used when discussing a variable; examples would be "depression", "stress", etc. |
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Term
1. How did the researchers measure ____ ?
2. What do the researchers mean by ____ ? |
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Definition
| Name the two questions that one should ask if a variable is stated conceptually |
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Term
| Operational Definition of Variable |
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Definition
| Specific definition of a variable where a concept is turned into a measured or manipulated variable; must be established in order to test hypotheses |
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Term
1. Frequency
2. Association
3. Causal |
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Definition
| Name the three types of claims |
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Term
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Definition
| The argument one is trying to make |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of claim that is based on percentages, rates, or levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of claim that suggests that two variables are related |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of claim that suggests that one variable causes another |
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Term
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Definition
| Term in association where if one variable change, the other variable tends to change too; also known as covary |
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Term
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Zero
4. Curvilinear |
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Definition
| Name the four types of associations |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of association where variables react alike; if one variable is high, the other variable and low, the other is low |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of association where variables react opposite of one another; if one variable is high, the other is low |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of association where there is no association between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of association where one variable changes it's pattern as the other variable increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Method for representing association in which one variable is plotted on the y-axis and the other variable is plotted on the x-axis; each dot represents a participant in the study |
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Term
1. Construct Validity
2. External Validity |
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Definition
| Name the two ways to evaluate a frequency claim |
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Term
1. Construct Validity
2. External Validity
3. Statistical Validity |
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Definition
| Name the three ways to evaluate an association claim |
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Term
1. Covariance
2. Temporal Precedence
3. Internal Validity
4. Experimentation |
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Definition
| Name the four ways to evaluate a causal claim |
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Term
1. focus on one variable
2. always use measured variables
3. no causation |
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Definition
| Name the three ways to spot a frequency claim |
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Term
1. Anecdotal Evidence
2. Nondescript qualifiers (some, many, few...)
3. Singular pronouns (he, she) |
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Definition
| Name the three things to beware of in frequency claims |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that is not based on fact or not carfully studied |
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Term
1. At least two variables
2. measured variables only
3. At least one type of association present |
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Definition
| Name the three ways to spot an association claim |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of validity concerned with how reasonable the operational definition of a variable is; one asks how well measured or manipulated a variable is |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of validity concerned with how well the results of a study generalize to or represent people outside the study |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of validity concerned with the extent to which those statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable |
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Term
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Definition
| Error in which researchers indicate that there is an effect, when there actually is not; false positive or false alarm |
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Term
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Definition
| Error in which researchers indicate there is not an effect when there actually is; false negative or miss |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of validity that means a causal variable must be shown to come before the other variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of validity where all explanations for a correlation must be ruled out |
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Term
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Definition
| In experiment, a variable that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| In experiment, a variable that is affected by the manipulated variable; the measured variable in an experiment |
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