Term
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Definition
| Attraction that happens between two people who are geographically near to each other. Feeling close to those close by |
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Term
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Definition
| When others think/act as we do, we not only appreciate their attitudes but also make positive inferences about their character. |
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Term
| Physical Attractiveness Stereotype |
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Definition
| The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well; what is beautiful is good. |
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Term
| We like those who like us |
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Definition
| Someone else liking us may also CAUSE romantic feelings in return |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner’s love and are disconsolate on losing it. Cools over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. Increases with time, long lasting |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it |
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Term
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Definition
| all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| how we are attracted to and experience intimacy with others is explained by our early attachment formations with parents |
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Term
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Definition
| Attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Attachments marked by a sense of one’s own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence and possessiveness |
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Definition
| An avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others |
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Term
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Definition
| An avoidant relationship style marked by fear of rejection |
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Term
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Definition
| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another fosters attachment and closeness |
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Term
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Definition
| that people are more likely to form long standing relationships with someone who is as equally physically attractive as they or have other compensating qualities to offer (this is more physical) |
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Definition
| suggests that people are drawn together because of similarities in their personal characteristics (attitudes, ages, interests and so forth)( this is more values) |
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Term
| Social Penetration Theory: |
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Definition
| states that as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, non-intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones |
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Term
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Definition
| we exchange love, services, information, status (etc.) in order to minimize our costs and maximize rewards. These considerations predict our behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| We help others because there is a social expectation to (reciprocity and social responsibility norms) |
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Term
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Definition
| : expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. if someone does something for us we feel obligated to reciprocate- we will help those who have helped us |
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Term
| Social-Responsibility Norm |
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Definition
| : an expectation that people will help those needing help. |
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Term
| Evolutionary/Kin Selection |
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Definition
| the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared gene; also Reciprocal altruism – helping nonrelatives who reciprocate the favor |
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Term
| Negative State Relief Model |
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Definition
| we help to relieve existing negative mood (such as guilt). But anger and grief are not more likely to induce help, whereas happy people are. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of others needs ----> vicarious empathic concern ----> altruistic motivation----> helping effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| prosocial models promote altruism (i.e. if you hear a crash followed by sobs and moans and another bystander says “Uh-oh, this is an emergency! We’ve got to do something!” it would stimulate others to help.) |
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Term
| situational factors that influence helping |
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Definition
Bystander effect:finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
-you are more likely to help if you see someone else helping, you have time, and if we perceive the person we are helping as similar |
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Term
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Definition
| finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders (increases with number of bystanders |
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Term
| 5 steps associated with Latane and Darley’s model of when helping occurs |
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Definition
1. notice that something is wrong
2.perceive that an emergency exists
3.assume responsibility to help
4.know what to do
5.decide to actually help |
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Term
| effects of mood on helping |
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Definition
| Guilt can increase likeliness for helping (to avoid sensation), If someone already feels guilty, they feel the need to redeem themselves by doing something good. But anger and grief will decrease helping, and happiness will usually help it |
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Term
| The Prosocial Personality |
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Definition
| other-oriented empathy, helpfulness, and generally high in emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy |
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Term
| Factors that Determine who we help |
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Definition
| If they are attractive and/or ask for help, you are more likely to help them; if they are responsible for the problem you are less likely to help |
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Term
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Definition
| if A confesses and B doesn’t, A gets immunity and B gets heavier sentence (vice versa), if both confess they both get moderate sentence, if neither confesses both get lighter sentence |
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Term
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Definition
| when someone takes more than their share of a resource and it affects everyone leading to the ultimate collapse of the resources |
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Term
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Definition
| conflicting parties, rationally pursuing self-interest, are caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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Term
| effects of competition vs. cooperation and their effect on conflict |
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Definition
| competition (even when assumed or given the situation of) increases and contains conflict (realistic group conflict). Cooperation can decrease conflict and lead to no conflict at all--unity against a force. |
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Term
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Definition
| correlated to a decrease in racial differences; contact forces interaction and attitudes follow behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation, smaller groups, communication, reward cooperation and punish exploitation, and appealing to altruistic norms |
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Term
| The Effects of Depression/shyness/Loneliness on Health |
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Definition
| painful awareness that are social relationships are less numerous or meaningful than we desire (feel excluded, perceive others negatively, shyness (self conscious worries of other's thoughts), and depression. Linked to illness, stress, and pessimistic explanatory life style |
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Term
| How Social Relationships Support Well Being |
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Definition
| close relationships improve health (kin, friends, spouse, etc.) and giving support all increase health. Help people cope with stress, especially by enabling people to confide intimate emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| Being able to confide woes to a trusted loved one can reduce negative health experiences |
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Term
| Happiness/Health and Close Relationships |
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Definition
| strong relationships help cope with loss better and report greater happiness, and less risk for depression. |
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Term
| The Association between Relationships and Health |
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Definition
| Essentially, strong relationships with others predict better health outcomes. This could be because of the buffering effect it has on stress/depression, to keep happy and in better health (by strong support or confidant, etc.), or by main effects (encourage healthy behaviors and bolster self esteem) |
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Term
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Definition
| our relationships help us cope with stress. Our relationships help us buffer the harmful effects of stress and that’s the only time they’re beneficial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social relationships encourage healthy behaviors and bolster self-esteem. This model suggests our relationships are beneficial regardless of stress because they encourage healthy behaviors and bolster self-esteem. Lowered mortality, smoking and obesity rates when there is emotional support. |
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Term
| Ways of Assessing Social Support |
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Definition
| Structural, functional, received, perceived |
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Term
| Assessment by Structural Support |
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Definition
| size or density of network |
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Term
| Assessment by Functional Support |
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Definition
| (the roles that your relationships play in your life) informational support, emotional support, tangible support, belonging support (received versus perceived) |
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Term
| Assessment by Received Support |
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Definition
| Received support: tangible and informational Someone gives you what you ask for--money, advice, etc. (solves the problem) |
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Term
| Assessment by Perceived Support |
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Definition
| Perceived support: emotional and belonging Perceived support has been shown to provide much higher and more lasting amounts of help. Ex: When you’re broke and go to your parents, they send out your resume instead of giving you money. |
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Term
| Different components of social support |
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Definition
| emotional support (warmth/nuturance), tangible (provision of resources, concrete help), informational (guidance, suggestions), and belonging support (provides sense of social belonging, engage in shared social activities) |
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Term
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Definition
| our relationships help us cope with stress. Our relationships help us buffer the harmful effects of stress and that’s the only time they’re beneficial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social relationships encourage healthy behaviors and bolster self-esteem. This model suggests our relationships are beneficial regardless of stress because they encourage healthy behaviors and bolster self-esteem. Lowered mortality, smoking and obesity rates when there is emotional support. |
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Term
| Ways of Assessing Social Support |
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Definition
| Structural, functional, received, perceived |
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Term
| Assessment by Structural Support |
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Definition
| size or density of network |
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Term
| Assessment by Functional Support |
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Definition
| (the roles that your relationships play in your life) informational support, emotional support, tangible support, belonging support (received versus perceived) |
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Term
| Assessment by Received Support |
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Definition
| Received support: tangible and informational Someone gives you what you ask for--money, advice, etc. (solves the problem) |
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Term
| Assessment by Perceived Support |
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Definition
| Perceived support: emotional and belonging Perceived support has been shown to provide much higher and more lasting amounts of help. Ex: When you’re broke and go to your parents, they send out your resume instead of giving you money. |
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Term
| Different components of social support |
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Definition
| emotional support (warmth/nuturance), tangible (provision of resources, concrete help), informational (guidance, suggestions), and belonging support (provides sense of social belonging, engage in shared social activities) |
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Term
| Gender Differences in Functional Support |
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Definition
| Both men and women tend to prefer social support from women, women tend to seek/offer emotional support more than men, men tend to seek/offer tangible support more than women |
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Term
| Theory of Stress: Walter Cannon: fight or flight |
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Definition
stress is a sympathetic response to threat (increase breathing, increase in heart rate)
(like Selye, criticized for uniformity and diffuseness) |
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Term
| Theory of Stress: Hans Selye’s General Adaption Syndrome: |
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Definition
Phase 1: alarm reaction- increased ANS activity (similar to Cannon’s)
Phase 2: resistance- increased pitutitary-adrenal activity
Phase 3: exhaustion- decreased pituitary-adrenal activity and eventual system failure
(like Cannon, criticized for uniformity and diffuseness) |
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Term
| Theory of Stress: Stimulus Model |
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Definition
Holmes-Rahe Social readjustment scale
Daily hassles.
irritating, distressing, and frustrating demands that characterize everyday transactions with our environment. |
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Term
| Theory of Stress: Lazrus' Transactional Model (appraisal) |
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Definition
Stress as a transactional process between the person and the environment.
* primary appraisal (initial evaluation of the situation), secondary appraisal (one's perceived ability to cope with the stressor), reappraisal |
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Term
| how stress affects physical health (including the reactivity hypothesis) |
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Definition
| the hypothesis states that when stress is received the body reacts physically to it. But if integrating social support with stress, it may decrease the physical side effects that stress has. |
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Term
| the key personality, social, and coping factors that influence physical health |
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Definition
| Anger is associated with a variety of physical and mental health problems, social relationships that are considered sufficient in quantity/quality can buffer health, whereas insufficient social relationships hurt health; coping methods for dealing with stress can benefit individuals depending on the type of stress and coping mechanism used |
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Term
| Moderators of Stress (coping methods) |
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Definition
| Coping responses: emotion focused coping versus problem focused coping responses (benefit varies with type of stressor), and Perceived control (can be good or bad) |
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Term
| Why it would be important to study physical health from the standpoint of social psychology |
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Definition
areas of inquiry: how your behavior influences health, interacting with the health care system, dealing with the chronic illness, psychosocial processes in the development/treatment of illness.
Having a variety of relationships is beneficial to your physical health since you’ll have different perspectives on the different areas of life. Ex: Your work relationships will benefit you in ways that your family relationships don’t and vice versa. Perceived support is better than received support because you may not always receive the support that you wanted |
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Term
| Ways to Reduce Error in Eye Witness Testimony |
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Definition
| train police interviewers, minimize false lineup identifications, and educate jurors |
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Term
| Effect of Defendant Attractiveness |
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Definition
| More attractive people are seen as less dangerous. Higher bails and fines are given to less attractive defendants. |
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Term
| Effect of Similarity of Defendant to Jurors |
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Definition
| urors are more sympathetic to a defendant who shares their attitudes, religion, race, or (in cases of sexual assault) gender. Racial bias is usually small, but jurors do exhibit some tendency to treat racial outgroups less favorably |
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