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Psych 350 Exam 1
developmental
114
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/22/2016

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Term
Kauai Longitudinal study
Definition
698 children born on island, example of both nature and nurture
Term
Little Albert study
Definition
Nurture, study where used sound to make child scared of white rats.
Fear can be learned
Term
Continuity theories
Definition
Quantitative change
Term
Discontinuity theories
Definition
Qualitative change
Term
Active child
Definition
Child plays a role in their development
Term
Sources of individual differences
Definition
Genes, treatment by other people, subjective reactions to other people's treatment, choice of environment
Term
Controlled rearing studies
Definition
Deprivation studies, take a child and manipulate its environment to test developmental hypotheses (controlled upbringing)
Term
Aristotle
Definition
-All knowledge that children acquire comes from experience
-Child rearing should adjust to the needs of child
Term
Plato
Definition
-Born with innate knowledge
-Strict discipline and self control across the board
Term
John Locke
Definition
-Tabula rasa "Blank slate"
-Experience is what matters
-Emphasized NURTURE
-Importance of early strict parenting-progressive freedom
Term
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Definition
-Innately good-noble savage
-Emphasized NATURE
-Child learns via spontaneous interactions with objects and should play/learn from the environment
Term
Scientific method
Definition
1. choose question to be answered
2. Formulate a hypothesis/prediction about the answer
3. Develop a method for testing the hypothesis
4. Interpret the obtained data and draw a conclusion
Term
Reliability
Definition
Independent measure of a given behavior are consistent
Term
Types of reliability tests
Definition
-Test retest
-Interrater
Term
Validity
Definition
Experiment measures what it is intended
Term
Types of validity
Definition
Internal: Effect observed due to the variables the researcher intentionally manipulated (confounds decrease this)
External: Results can generalize beyond the particulars of the researcher
Term
3 Methodological contexts for gathering data
Definition
Interviews, naturalistic observations, structured observations
Term
Structured interview
Definition
All participants are asked to answer the same questions
Term
Clinical interview
Definition
Questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides
Pro: more flexibility to dig down deeper
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
Describe how children behave in their usual environment
Con: Target behavior might not be observed, cant change variables etc.
Term
Structured observation
Definition
Present identical situation to all children and record each child's behavior
Pro: Enables direct comparisons of different children's behavior
Con: Context of situation, less natural situation that might not translate into different environments/situations
Term
Correlation study
Definition
Discover association between 2 variables
Term
Positive correlation
Definition
Changes other variable in same direction
Term
Negative correlation
Definition
Changes other variable in opposite direction
Term
Correlation coefficient
Definition
Summarizes strength/direction of the relationship between 2 variables
(range: 1 to -1)
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
Behavior that is hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable not the control
Term
Pros of experimental designs
Definition
○ Allow exploration of cause-and-effect relationships
○ Allow researchers to examine highly specific effects of stimuli and events on participants
○ Researchers can design focused assessments of specific variables
Term
Cons of experimental designs
Definition
○ Create possibilities of ecologically invalid measures-whether a study faithfully captures a pattern of behavior that would occur in the normal circumstances of childhood
○ If ecologically invalid, its results may not be relevant for the real world
Term
Cross sectional study
Definition
○ Children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short time period
○ Limitations: Sampling at random different subjects so you don’t have control over what is the same/different, patterns of change
Term
Longitudinal study
Definition
○ Same children are studied twice or more over a substantial period of time
○ Limitations: Takes a long time, expensive, the participants may not continue for the whole study, selective attrition, rehearsal effects
Term
Period of the zygote
Definition
○ Conception - 2 weeks
○ Egg travels down the fallopian tube
○ Day 4→ divided enough times that it creates a blastocyst
■ Outer mass of cells forms the placenta
■ Forms placenta → has amniotic fluid and the stem cells form the embryo
■ Identical twins → occurs when there is a split in the inner cell mass
Term
Period of the embryo
Definition
○ 3rd- 8th week
○ ~22 days: Neural tube is a U-shaped groove formed from the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo
■ Goes on to form the spinal cord
■ Neural tube defects can include spina bifida (failure of neural tube to close)
● Cephalocaudal Development (Embryo at 4 Weeks):
○ From this period on, areas near the head develop earlier than those farther away
● 5 ½ - 8 weeks → Face Develops: When cleft lip/ palate can develop
● Embryonic Support System:
○ Placenta: Permits the exchange of materials between the bloodstream of the fetus and that of the mother
○ Umbilical cord: Tube that contains the blood vessels that travel from the placenta to the developing organism and back again
■ Oxygen, blood, nutrients
Term
Period of the fetus
Definition
○ 9th week- birth
○ Placental membrane: Barrier against some, but not all toxins and infectious agents
○ Amniotic Sac: A protective membrane filled with fluid in which the fetus
○ Fetus at 18 weeks
■ Start to see some reflexive behaviors (i.e sucking thumb).
■ Purpose→ Train muscles to coordinate themselves so once the fetus is born it can utilize them
■ Individuals play a role in their own development
Term
Microchimerism
Definition
Biological tissue of baby mixing with the mother
Term
4 stages of cell development
Definition
1. Cell division
2. Cell migration
3. Cell differentiation
4. Selective cell death
Term
Placental membrane
Definition
Barrier against some, but not all toxins and infectious agents
Term
Cephalocaudal development
Definition
● From this period on, areas near the head develop earlier than those farther away
● Occurs when the embryo is at 4 weeks
Term
Teratogens
Definition
Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development
Term
Factors associated with teratogens
Definition
○ “Dose-response” relation
○ Individual/species differences
○ “Sleeper” effects
○ Mitigated by sensitive periods
Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
○ Creation of all the neurons
○ Proliferation of neurons via cell division
Term
Migration
Definition
○ Moving all the neurons to the correct place in the brain
Term
Neural differentiation
Definition
○ Increase in size and complexity of dendrites as they branch out
○ Mainly after birth
Term
Myelination
Definition
○ Growth of myelin sheath
○ Fatty layer (myelin) accumulates around nerve cells
○ Begins before birth and continues into adolescence
Term
Synaptogenesis
Definition
○ Process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections
Term
Synapse pruning
Definition
Eliminates surplus connections
Term
Experience-Expectant
Definition
Experiences that your brain is expected to have
○ Brain wiring occurs due to normal experiences common across all people and present over the course of evolution
Term
Experience-Dependent
Definition
- Experiences that your brain is not expecting to have, but you spend a lot of time doing it so it changes your brain
○ Neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of individual experience (differs between people)
Term
Plasticity
Definition
The capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
"Use it or lose it"
Term
Sensitive periods
Definition
IN experience-expectant plasticity, timing matters!
○ Neural organization that does/doesn’t occur is typically irreversible
Term
Vulnerability
Definition
○ If expected does not occur un-stimulated neurons may be “pruned” and deficits may result such as deafness & blindness
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
The packaging for our genetic material (DNA)
○ Chromosome spools and DNA is wrapped around it
Term
Chromosomes in our body
Definition
46
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Normal cell reproduction
○ Left with 2 chromosomes in each cell
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Sex cell reproduction
○ Further division, end up with 1 chromosome in each cell
Term
Causes of genetic variability
Definition
Mutations and Random assortment
Term
Mutation
Definition
○ Changes in sections of DNA caused by random or environmental factors
Term
Random assortment
Definition
○ Shuffling of 23 pairs of chromosomes in the sperm and egg
○ Chance determines which member of the pair forms into the new sperm and egg
Term
Crossing over
Definition
Crossing over of genetic material, chromosomes with cross and exchange genetic material and segregate into separate germ cells
Term
Dominant recessive pattern
Definition
○ The dominant allele is the form of the gene that is expressed if present
○ The recessive allele is not expressed if a dominant allele is present
Term
Dominant inheritance
Definition
○ Everyone with the abnormal gene has the disease
Term
Recessive inheritance
Definition
○ Inheriting one copy of the gene does not lead to disease b/c the normal allele predominates
Term
Sex linked inheritance
Definition
○ Transmitted on either the egg or the sperm
Term
Codominance
Definition
○ A single gene with >1 dominant allele (mult.influence)
■ e.g. single gene can affect multiple traits
○ Both alleles can be expressed or blended
○ Different expression depending on whether they came from mom or dad
Term
Epigenetics
Definition
The environment can change your genes (i.e. how they are expressed)
Term
Epigenome
Definition
Shapes the physical structure of the genome
Term
Placenta
Definition
Permits the exchange of materials between the bloodstream of the fetus and that of the mother
Term
Umbilical cord
Definition
Tube that contains the blood vessels that travel from the placenta to the developing organism and back again
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
Failure of neural tube to close
Term
Sensation
Definition
Low level processing of basic info from the external world by sensory receptors (e.g. eyes, skin, ears, etc.)
Term
Perception
Definition
Process of organizing/interpreting sensory info about the objects, events and spatial layout
Term
Preferential looking
Definition
○ Find smallest width at which infants of a given age show a preference for stripe over gray
○ Babies→ no preference when stripe are too narrow
Term
Visual habituation
Definition
○ Continued habituation: Show babies different color cloths to show that babies look less and less every time they are presented the stimuli
○ Dishabituation (become really interested): Then show them a completely different color→ if they see in color they will look longer at this new color
Term
Face perception
Definition
● Scanning
○ 1 month scans the perimeters of shapes
■ Focus on the outside of objects→ where there is a bigger contrast in color difference
○ 2 month olds scan both the perimeters and the interiors of shapes
Term
Binocular
Definition
■ 2 eyes and each eye gets a slightly different picture
■ The feed from both views are fused together to create a 3d picture
Term
Convergence cues
Definition
■ Muscles in each eye are sensitive so it helps eyes converge when objects are closer
■ Relax muscles→ further away
Term
Strabismus
Definition
(lazy eye)→ if it goes uncorrected they lose the ability for both of their eyes to not see in 3d
Term
Optical expansion
Definition
■ As things get closer, the take up more room on your retina
Term
Linear perspective
Definition
■ When two lines converge
Term
Acuity development
Definition
○ The sharpness of visual discrimination develops rapidly, approaching that of adults by age 8 months
○ Reaches full adult acuity by 3-6 years
Term
Color vision development
Definition
○ Limitations in the early months (0-3 months)
■ Poorer in 1st month, highly saturated red at birth
■ 3 months + is adult like
Term
Visual cliff
Definition
● Put goats and other animals on the visual cliff to see if it would be afraid to walk over the edge
● If used touch, would run over the edge
● If using depth, they will go to the edge of the cliff
● Results: All goats crossed the shallow side, no goats crossed the deep side
● Conclusion: An innate capacity to perceive/avoid visual drop-offs
Term
Hearing development
Definition
○ Well developed at birth (mid-range, localization reflex)
○ Adult like by ~6 mos (frequency range, intensity, adv. localization etc.)
Term
Cross modal perception
Definition
Mixing of senses
Term
Empiricism
Definition
A view of development that emphasizes the idea that a general, all purpose learning system, with few or no biases toward acquiring particular kinds of information, is present at birth
Term
Ethology
Definition
The study of the traits from an adaptive evolutionary perspective that usually involves comparisons across species
Term
Global Change
Definition
General changes that apply across all situations or domains
Term
Local Change
Definition
Specific changes that that occur in restricted areas or domains
Term
Nativism
Definition
A view of development that emphasizes the idea that a set of different learning systems is present at birth, in which each system is biased to acquire particular kinds of information better than others
Term
Qualitative Change
Definition
Takes place when a new kind of structure or process emerges that was not present before
Term
Quantitative Change
Definition
The same structures and process remain but show differences in their magnitude
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The chemical signals can cause the receiving neuron to “fire”, creating an electrical signal called the ??→ travels down the axon to the ends of the axon terminals
Term
Allele
Definition
The variations of a particular gene that can exist at a particular location on a chromosome
Term
Axons
Definition
A tube that the impulses travel through → covered by myelin sheath
Term
Base Pair
Definition
A/T and C/G → attach the two strands of the DNA molecule together in a twisting structure (double helix)
Term
Bilateral Symmetry
Definition
Has identical structures on both sides of the center line ( right and left kidneys, arms, legs, eyes, ears, and so on)
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Regulating heart rate, breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, digestions and other automatic non voluntary processes in the body and is evolutionarily very old
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Involved in coordination of voluntary movement and integration of some sensory information with action
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Divided into left and right hemispheres → involved with high level thought
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Involved in both voluntary and involuntary movement, and processed information about smell & the cerebral cortex
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
Central pathway that allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate
Term
Critical Period
Definition
Time frames in which certain kinds of experiences are essential for normal development
Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
When two different sperm fertilize two different eggs → fraternal twins
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
The outermost layer of the cells → eventually forms the skin and the nervous system
Term
Endoderm
Definition
The innermost blastocyst layer → develops into the glands like the thyroid, and specialized tissues lining organs like the lungs
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Involved in planning, problem solving, and regulating thoughts and emotion
Term
Gamete
Definition
Have only one of each type of chromosome, or half the genetic material contained in the body’s other cells
Term
Genotype
Definition
The genetic information encoded as particular alleles
Term
Genome
Definition
The entire set of chromosomes in an individual organism
Term
Methylation
Definition
Methyl groups (specific carbon- hydrogen configurations) become attached to certain DNA base pairs, usually with the result of turning of activity level of a gene or affecting other genes that follow that gene in a regulatory sequence
Term
Trisomy
Definition
Have 3 chromosomes rather than 2 in the 21st chromosome pair
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
Babies that come from the same zygote→ reason for nearly identical genotype
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
The middle layer, becomes internal tissues → skeleton, internal organs and muscles
Term
Phenotype
Definition
The ways that the genetic information is expressed or manifested in an organism, including its anatomical structures, its biochemical processes, and its behaviors.
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Hazardous internal or external environmental factors that can potentially cause problems with development during prenatal period
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