1) classical antiquity

2) medieval period

3) the modern era

Ancient Egypt

Alcmaeon (Greek physician)

Hippocrates (Physician)

Greek philosophy (Plato, Aristotle)

Galen

To supply mucus to the nose.

(brain was removed during mummification... cuz we don't need mucus in the afterlife?? haha)

1) contained a hieroglyph for 'brain'

(which is the basis for the claim that the egyptians were the first to name the brain)

2) believed to be the first medical document

Who supported the brain hypothesis besides Alcmaeon and when was this person alive?

What was this person's occupation?

Hippocrates (460-370 BC)

(he was a Greek physician)

Brain

Heart

Liver

1) centrally located in teh body

2) beating throughout life

3) it is warm

1)  the 13th century

2)  the anatomy of the ventricles

The ventricles in the brain are filled with __________ and the 4 ventricles are named:

1)

2)

3)

4)

- cerebrospinal fluid

1) right lateral ventricle

2) left lateral ventricle

3) third ventricle

4) fourth ventricle

1) cerebral aqueduct

2) choroid plexus

3) central canal

Which 2 types of people did the doctor Galen work with?

Where was he from?

When was he around?

- gladiators during the Roman Empire & was a surgeon for the emperors

- from Pergamon

- around 129-217 AD

Where did Galen locate the soul?

What did he think was important about the ventricles?

soul = in solid portion of the brain

ventricles = critical to the psyche/spirit

Who recognized that sense organs could be intact but sensation lost?

What other important distinction did this person make?

Roughly the 4th - 14th centuries

Hallmark:  no dissection

- retention of the tripartite theory of the soul

- the ventricles house the soul/mind

 (view was popular til ~16th century)

Which workis the following quotation from:

"Tell me where is fancy bred, or in the heart, or in the head?

'The Merchant of Venice'

by Shakespeare

(circa 1600)

3 important hallmarks of the modern era include:

1) Gradual movement toward _______________

2) Birth of __________

3) Invention of ___________

1) Gradual movement toward:  associating mental processes with fxn of brain structures

2) Birth of: experimental psychology

Andreas Vesalius

Belgian anatomist

1514-1564

Rene Descartes:

Thought cognition was interaction between ___ & ___

The ___ modifies behavior via its effects on ______.

Dualism means: ____

ventricles & pineal gland

soul, pineal gland

mind is 'separate' from the brain

1) it seemed to be only brain organ not bilaterally duplicated

2) erroneously thought it was uniquely human

It's a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain.

Disc. by Thomas Willis of England (1621-1675)

Spelled out a role for the cerebral cortex in higher cognition (especially memory)

Principles of Phrenology:

- The ____ is the organ of the ____.

- The ____ of various 'sections' of the brain determine the ____ of the ability localized to that section

- Section sizes could be determined by bumps in the ______.

the brain is the organ of the mind

size, strength

SKULL (note that there is a distinction btw skull & brain)

- brought attn. to brain as enabler of mind

- idea of functions being localized to certain regions

- the idea that the size of an organ is a measure of its power

- the idea that the skull is an accurate indicator of any mental ability

Opposition to Localization

Known as:

Led by:

Theoretical rationale:

Experimental rationale:

Holism

Pierre Flourens

Soul is unitary so dividing up the mind = denial of soul

In experiments, birds recovered from brain lesion regardless of location of lesion

Holism Ct'd into 20th century

Led by:

 Experimental rationale:

His official stance/philosophy:

Karl Lashley

rats w/ circumscribed lesions learn mazes same as w/o

stance: Equipotentiality (diff. brain parts have equal potential to perform diff. fxns)

Implications of Broca/Wernicke discoveries:

- _____ of ____ mental functions

- focus on physiological functions like ___ vs. ___ instead of dumb stuff like 'the good mother fxn'

- dominance of the part of the brain called the ______

localization of higher mental functions

motor vs. sensory

cerebrum

Important things about ____ Jackson:

- orderly progression of jerks across body during seizure suggests _____  _____.

- RH lesions affect _____ functions

- Not entirely localizationist: believed in ______ organization & ____ between regions.

John [Hughlings] Jackson

topographic organization

visuospatial

hierarchical, interaction

discovered that stimulating diff brain parts = diff. responses

developed map of motor cortex (AKA motor homunculus)

Brodmann's areas had how many subdivisions?

His divisions were based on _____.

Are monkey and human areas homologous?

52

cytoarchitectonics

not necessarily

NOTE: MORE RECENT SCHEMES USE HIS AREAS BUT SUBDIVIDE THEM FURTHER

Donders

subtraction method

(subtract time to detect single event from time to detect same event with 2 items present)

Which 3 guys were involved in the 'birth' of experimental psychology?

Which century?

Wilhelm Wundt, William Jones, Hermann Ebbinghaus

19th century

Who had the 1st experimental psychology lab?

What did it study?

Wilhelm Wundt

'conscious experience': perception, attn., memory

Who wrote 'Principles of Psychology'?

What's the difference between functions and specific responses?

William Jones

functions like perceiving recalling, or thinking persist, while specific responses depend on the situation

Hermann Ebbinghaus studied

- memory without ___

- learning of ______  _______

 - backward and forward ________

-introspection

nonsense syllables

interference

1910s - 1950s

the Dark Ages

Under behaviorism what were the only valid subjects for psychological study? (2)

What was not valid?

stimulus-response associations

&

overt behavior

introspection was not valid under behaviorism

When was the cognitive revolution?

How did it propose to measure cognition?

late 1950s

by decomposing behavior

-advent of computers

-interest in artificial intelligence

Who came up with the 7 +/- 2 short-term memory capacity?

During which period?

George Miller

Cognitive revolution

Donald Broadbent

-limited capacity

-filtering

-serial processing

interaction

- cognitive psychology

- neuroscience

- neuropsychology

Cognitive psychology definition: _________.

(Interest in _____, _______ didn't matter)

can study mind without the brain

software, hardware

Neuroscience definition: ______.

(Little study of ________ with animal's ________.)

study of basic sensation

correlation, behavior

Neuropsychology definition: ______.

(Other disciplines unaware of efforts until early 80s)

As cognitive neuroscience emerged, it was a new field to study 'how the brain _______ the ______.'

This quotation is from:

enables the mind

Gazzaniga & Miller

Emerging field of cog. neuroscience emphasized multiple levels of ________, including these 3:

1)

2)

3)

analysis

cellular

systems

behavioral

- EEG

-PET, fMRI, optical imaging

- TMS

- measuring brain-behavior relationships

Define each of these 3 technology advances that helped cognitive neuroscience emerge:

-EEG

-PET, fMRI, optical imaging

-TMS

-electrical recordings of brain activity

-brain imaging methods

-temporary lesions