3 Components of Memory

-Encoding

Acquisition and Consolidation

-Storage

-Retrieval

Encoding: processing of information that is to be stored

Acquisition: registering inputs in sensory buffers and analysis stages

Consolidation: creates stronger representation

Storage: a permanent record that results from encoding

Retrieval: using stored information to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behavior

3 Main Types of Memory

-sensory memory

-short-term memory

-long-term memory

sensory memory: brief, highly detailed representation of incoming sensory information

short-term memory: active maintenance of information (phone number) over a few seconds

long-term memory: long-term storage of information

Sensory Memory

-capacity

-duration

-modality specific stores

iconic

echoic

large

milliseconds

iconic: visual sensory memory (1 sec)

echoic: auditory sensory memory (20 sec)

Visual Sensory Memory and Partial Report Paradigm

-large capacity

-short duration

can report 2-3 times more than can report without cue

decay time is about 1 second.

Short Term Memory

-Capacity

-Duration

capacity: 7 +/- 2

duration: seconds but available as long as you are able to rehearse information.

Is rehearsal of items in short-term memory necessary for those items to be stored in long-term memory?

Serial Position Effect

Primacy and Recency

It is suggested that rehearsal in short-term is necessary.  Also suggests that recency effect stems from rehearsal of final list items in short-term.

Serial: Curved graph with primacy and recency effect

Primacy: items at the beginning of the list have been rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.  (increasing presentation rate of study list words might reduce this by preventing rehearsal)

Recency: items at the end of the list are still being rehearsed and are still active in short-term memory. (asking participants to perform a distracting task between the study and test phases might reduce the recency effect)

Modal Model

Sensory inputs -> _______ ->

Short-term storage (requires _____)->

Long-term storage (requires _____)

Modal model is wrong via ____ ____.

Certain patients with damage to left temporal and/or left parietal regions have impaired _____ _____ memory. (reduced digit span)

Can still form new ____ ____ memories.

Finding that information may be able to go directly from _____ memory to ____ ____ memory.

lesion studies

short-term memory

long-term memories

sensory memory, long-term memory

Working Memory

Maintenance

Performance (manipulation)

Limited capacity mechanism for:

maintaining information over a short period of time

and

performing mental operation on that information

Model of Working Memory

Visuo-spatial sketchpad:____?--->

Central Executive:_____?-->

Artriculatory Loop:_____?

-Visuospatial information

-Mental manipulation/controller (missing in the modal model, mental arithmetic)

-Auditory/Verbal information (acoustic and articulatory components)

PET evidence of working memory

Articulatory Loop Activation ______...?

Visuospatial Sketchpad Activation ______...?

Verbal and Spatial working memory maintenance activate different regions

Articulatory: left inferior frontal lobe

Visuospatial Sketch: right inferior frontal, right posterior parietal, and right visual cortex regions

Long-Term Memory Systems

Declarative/Explicit

-____

-____

Procedural/Non-declarative/Implicit

-____

-____

-____

-events (episodic, experiences)

-facts (semantic, name of 1st president)

-skill learning (riding a bike)

-priming (conceptual/lexical: increased probability of using a word or phrase that has recently been seen or heard, perceptual:increased ease of recognizing a face due to having seen the person recently)

-conditioning (fear of dogs after having been bitten)

An inability to learn new information:_____

An inability to recall old information:_____

Can you have both?

anterrograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

yes

Pure Retrograde Amnesia: Soap-Opera Amnesia

Anterrograde amnesia with some retrograde amnesia

The claim of total amnesia for the past along with the ability to store new memories is the hallmark of this diagnosis.

People generally have impaired ability to form new memories with partial recall of memories for events prior to the amnesia-causing event.

Amnesia can result from damage to a variety of brain regions:

Match: Korsakoff's Syndrome, Herpes Simplex Encephalitis, Temporal Lobectomy, Anoxia, Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm, Traumatic Brain Injury, Alzheimer's Disease

_: damage to thalamus and mammillary bodies associated with a vitamin deficiency that often occurs in alcoholics

_:damage to hippocampus

_:damage to basal forebrain

_:damage to temporal lobe

_:trauma

_:diffuse brain abnormalities

_: can include medial temporal lobe structures

Korsakoff's Syndrome

Anoxia

Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm

Temporal Lobectomy

Traumatic Brain Abnormalities

Alzheimer's Disease

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

H.M. and MTL amnesics:

Surgical removal of ___ ___ and surrounding cortex

Severe new ____ ____ (anterograde) and some loss of events 1-3 years ____ to ____ (retrograde).

5 Intact Memories

bilateral hippocampus

learning deficit, prior to surgery

IQ, language, attention, knowledge base, childhood memories

Anterograde Amnesia and Recall of Prose Passage

___ ___ memory is intact

___ ___ memory is impaired.

4 Learning Deficits

Short-term

Long-term

Verbal, Spatial, Episodic, Semantic Deficits

Retrograde Amnesia

Deficit in memory for information learned ____ the onset of amnesia.

Impairment is often ____ ____.

-old memories are preserved ____.

-memory changes ____ initial learning. (called ____)

_____ memories are more affected than ____ memories.

Before

Temporally graded

 -well

-after (consolidation)

recent, remote

Amnesia:______ Reduced, ______ Intact

(Recency/Primacy)

Short-term or working memory is ______.

Ability to form new long-term memories is ______.

Primacy, Recency

Intact

Impaired

Animal Models of Amnesia:

The neuroanatomy of the ____ ____ lobe is similar in many mammals.

Motivation: information from high-order _____ and _____ cortices synapses in surrounding cortex on its way to the hippocampus.

medial temporal

sensory and association

Delayed Non-Match to Sample Task:

 Task ______

Performance on delayed non-match:

Highest Percent Correct: _____

Medium: _____

Lowest: _____

Which had greatest memory deficit?

Pick the location where the plus card is located to find reward, but next time pick the other location.

Control

Hippocampus and Parahippocampus

Hippocampus, Parahippocampus, and Perirhinal

Hippocampus and surrounding cortex: largest deficit

Amnesica can acquire ______ or ______ long-term memories.

Two tasks they can perform: _____ and _____

Non-declarative or procedural

Skill learning and perceptual priming

Skill learning: serial reaction time task and mirror reading

Amnesics of various kinds all show _____ of mirror reading over time, an example of _____ memory.

Perceptual Priming: Stem Completion Task

Percent correct: Control vs Amnesic

 Free Recall

Cued Recall

Stem Completion

Odd result?

Free Recall: 40% control, 10% amnesics

Cued Recall: 75% control, 60% amnesics

Stem Completion: 50% control, 60% amnesics

Stem completion had higher percentage correct with amnesics over control subjects.

Procedural vs. Declarative Memory

Amnesics acquired the mirror-reading skill at a rate ______ to that of matched control subjects and retained it for at least 3 months.

What did these results indicate?

Amnesia seems to spare information that is based on ____ or ____, knowing "_____", as contrasted with information that is ____ or _____, knowing "_____".

equivalent

Indicates that the class of preserved learning skills in amensia is broader than previously reported

Rule or procedures, knowing "how"

data-based or declarative, knowing "that"

Basic description of the Amnesic Syndrome...?

What does amnesia leave intact (5)?

Impaired ability to form new long-term declarative memories (facts and events)

 Impaired recall for some declarative memories created before the onset of amnesia (retrograde)

Language

IQ

 Working memory

Remote memories (temporally graded retrograde)

Forms of non-declarative memory (priming, skill, acquisition, classical conditioning, etc)

Amnesics can do fine on most non-declarative taks.

What does this suggest about non-declarative memory?

(T/F) Non-declarative tasks are often harder.

It may rely on a seperate memory system than declarative memory.

False (easier)

Patient M.S.

29 year old male, intractable epilepsy, surgery removed V1 and visual assoc. cortex

Results of declarative test, testing word recognition on explicit memory...?

 Results of non-declarative test, testing stem completion on implicit memory...?

What relationship could be found between amnesics and M.S.?

NORMAL...MS and Control group had equal word recognition and amnesics had lowered word recognition.

IMPAIRED... MS showed damaged perceptual priming (visual) but intact conceptual priming (auditory).  Amnesics and control had equal results for visual and auditory priming, visual was fastest.

Double dissociation between amnesics and M.S.

Amnesia and Memory Relationship

Short-term or working is _____.

Long-term is _____.

Memory is _____, does it change over time, evidence?

2 Roles of MTL (hippocampus and surrounding)

-_____ _____ memories are stored there.

-_____ memories can still be recalled.

Intact

Impaired

Dynamic, it changes over time, retrograde amnesia is temporally graded

MTL: memory consolidation (retrograde deficit), encoding into memory (anterograde deficit)

Long-term declarative memories

Remote