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Psych 345 Chapter 6, Lecture 7
U Michigan
20
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
03/14/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Dorsal _____ pathway= ________ and _______ ( _?type_ processing)

 

Ventral _____ pathway = _______ ( _?type_ processing)

Definition

Dorsal parietal pathway= where and how (spatial processing)

 

Ventral temporal pathway= what (object processing)

Term

Evidence for what-where distinction in the brain: lesion studies...

 

Monkeys were trained to perfrom either _____ task or ______ task.

 

After training, lesion made in either __1__ lobe or __2__ lobe.

 

___1___ resulted in...?

___2___ resulted in...?

Definition

Landmark discrimination or object discrimination.

 

Temporal or parietal lobe.

 

Temporal lobe lesions showed much impairment on object discrimination task and little on landmark.

 

 Parietal lobe lesions showed much impairment on landmark discrimination task and little on object.

Term

Evidence for what-where distinction in the brain: Electrophysiological studies...

 

______ neurons suited to "where" detection.

 

_% of neurons have receptive fields outside of the fovea.

 

 Respond (same/differently) to large and small stimuli... Why is that helpful?

Definition

Parietal

 

60%

 

Same... Perfect for detecting stimuli that have just entered field of view.

 

 

Term

What and where processing differ in their dependence on _______ processing.

Definition
inter-hemispheric
Term

Evidence for what-where distinction in the brain: Electrophysiological studies...

 

______ neurons suited to "what" detection.

 

Receptive fields include _____ and _____.

 

Most respond to (complex objects/lines and spots)?

 

Respond to ______ (type of stimuli and orientation)

Definition

Temporal

 

 Fovea and both visual fields.

 

Complex Objects

 

Very specific stimuli, across different orientations (view-invariant)

Term

Evidence for what-where distinction in the brain: Neuropsychological Studies

 

Patient D.F.: _____ visual acuity

impaired "_____", intact "_____"

 

Can:_____

 

Cannot:_____

 

When asked to match orientation of card to that of the slot (perception, recall, and action condition)... Impaired or intact?

 

 

 

Definition

normal

 

impaired ventral "what", intact "where"

 

Can: describe object if given name... name and describe objects when placed in the hand

 

 Cannot: recognize objects from pictures or displayed objects... describe displayed objects

 

Perception Condition: Impaired

Recall and Action Condition: Intact 

Term

Disorders

 

_____: can recognize objects (what) but cannot use visual information to guide their action toward location processing (where)

 

______: impaired object recognition in the visual modality (what) but intact location processing (where)

Definition

Optic Ataxia

 

Visual Agnosia

Term

Evidence for what-where distinction in the brain:

Brain Imaging Studies...

 

Dorsal and ventral pathways communicate (rarely/extensively)?

 

This kind of information can be used to identify components of a visual scene.

 

_____ cortex is used for spatial localization as well as other functions (selective attention).

 

 

Definition

Communicate Extensively

 

Spatial information or depth

 

Parietal Cortex

 

 

Term

_____ _____: the ability to recognize an object despite all the variability in the image

 

3 Forms of Variability 

Definition

Object constancy

 

Variability: illumination and shadows, occlusion, different viewpoints

Term

Theories of Object Recognition

 

View-Dependent: 3 Factors

 

View-Invariant: 3 Factors

 

 

Definition

View-dependent:

1. Recognize an object by matching it to a stored representation from the perceived view

2. Requires that we have multiple representations of an object, each from a different view

3. Places a large burden on perceptual memory

 

View-Invariant:

1. Use basic sensory information to determine the main features of an object from any view

2. Example of Bike, the major axis of the bike runs along its length while the handle bars form the minor axis

3. The main features are visible from almost all views.

Term

fMRI data supporting each theory

 

fMRI response is _____ for repeated than for novel stimuli (repetition suppression)

 

Match: view invariant theories and view dependent theories

 

_____: predict repitition suppression in object processing areas regardless of whether the same view is repeated

 

______: predict repitition suppression in object processing areas only when the exact view is repeated.

Definition

smaller

 

view invariant theories 

 

view dependent theories

Term

Hierarchical Coding Hypothesis _________

 

Grandmother Cells ________, Pros / Cons

Definition

Elementary features are combined to create units that recognize complex objects

 

An individual cell might respond only to your grandmother or to a certain object

Pros: Fits with the findings that temporal lobe neurons respond to highly specific stimuli like hands and faces

Cons: What if this cell died? How does this cell respond to grandma as she ages? We would need a bunch of cells to represent all the objects and people we recognize!

Term

Ensemble Coding

 

4 Feature Detectors

 

3 Strengths

Definition

Object recognition is enabled by the simultaneous activation of several complex feature detectors.

 

4: shape, color, glasses, facial markings

 

3: Explains why we confuse visually similar objects (they activate many of the same cells).

No need to worry about a single cell that represents your grandma dying.

Cells in inferior temporal cortex that respond to hands respond to many hands and not just a single hand.

 

Term

Visual Agnosia

 

Apperceptive Agnosia:intact color, brightness, acuity

 

Associative Agnosia

 

Integrative Agnosia?

 

Which has more severe perceptual deficits?

Definition

Apperceptive Agnosia: perceptual impairment despite preserved basic visual functions

 

Associative Agnosia: selective impairment in object recognition despite adequate perception

 

Intergrative Agnosia: inability to integrate the part of an object to a coherent whole

 

Problems in perception present in both but are worse in apperceptive agnosics.

Term

Theory of Apperceptive Agnosia

 

 -Problem of ______ and how that causes apperceptive agnosia.

Definition

Object Constancy

 

Difficulty recognizing a degraded object could stem from inability to extract its main perceptual features, an inability that normally allows us to recognize objects from differing views, under different lighting, etc.

Term

Theory of Associative Agnosia, a problem with...?

 

They have trouble ______ stimuli but can _____ them.

 

Drawing as a memory deficit...?

 

 

Definition

Could be a problem with recognizing the meaning of visually presented objects.

 

Identifying... Copy

 

Patients often cannot recognize their own drawings on a later test

Term

Patient J.B.R... deficit... worse for...?

 

Hypothesis 1 and 2

 

Exceptions

Definition

Severe associative agnosia, worse for living than for non-living objects

 

Hypothesis: categorical organization of semantic knowledge, brain damage destroys one category but not another.

 nonliving objects are easier to recognize because they activate additional forms of manipulation (how it is manipulated and how it feels) (scissors activating sensorimotor and visual areas)

 

More likely to see deficits for living over non-living objects but the opposite has been observed... never double-dissociations between patients in the same study, it is possible that the living objects were harder to distinguish than the nonliving objects in this single study. 

Term

Face Recognition: 3 similar features

 

Are faces special: 3 pieces of evidence

 

Faces and Objects activate distinct brain regions

Definition

Recognition: two eyes, nose, mouth yet we recognize faces better than we recognize other stimuli

 

Do face perception and object perception rely on different brain regions?

1 Prosopagnosia: selective deficit in recognizing face, recognition of other objects is good, can recognize people via other features such as hair and clothes, can recognize voices, brain damage to occipital-temporal cortex, can also be cogenital

 

2 face selective cells found in the monkey superior temporal sulcus (fire when faces are seen)

 

3 a face-selective region in the fusiform gyrus (FFA) in the human temporal lobe (fMRI showed)

Term

Can face and object processing operate independently of one another?

 

Double Dissociation

 

Face Inversion Effect and Holistics

Definition

Prosopagnosia: object processing operates somewhat independently of impaired face processing

 

Associative Agnosia: face processing operates somewheat independently of impaired object processing

 

Better at recognizing faces when not inverted, less true for other objects (houses) which suggests that faces are processed more holistically than other objects.  Faces are processed very holistically and there is poor memory when processing parts of faces.

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