Term
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Definition
operant conditioning principle leads children to learn language.
Example: first verbalizations – approach language reinforced and ignore that which is ignored.
Operant: punishment/reward
Example: juice – More encouraged when encourage longer words. Discouraged to shorten the word |
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Term
Nativist Theory
Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
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Definition
| Noam Chomsky – Main criticism: kids learn language too fast. Language is innate human ability |
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Term
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Definition
| –All babies are born with this which is a specialized system in the brain for detecting and learning the rules of language. Really learning the grammar systems. |
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Term
| How much language is necessary |
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Definition
| Need some to activate it, but don’t need extensive language input. That language does not need to be 100% perfect. As long as there is enough to find the patterns necessary |
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Term
| How much effort is necessary |
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Definition
| Not much. Don’t need a lot of cognitive skill or effort Explains why some children learn some language quickly and relatively easily even those with mental retardation. Can do b/c your brain is preprogrammed to do so. |
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Term
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Definition
– Can explain language patterns that are similar and different
All languages have rule systems. Baby needs to figure this out. You are not preprogrammed for a particular language. Language general device, not particular device. Biological but need some environmental input. |
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Term
| Social Interactionist Theory |
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Definition
| Most modern Language dev. Is the result of a complex interplay b/w biology and social interactions. Both sides have equal weight/equally important. Simply hearing language is not enough. You must converse |
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Term
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Definition
Strong innate drive to communicate effectively. Want to talk to you.
Humans social by nature Children play important role in language dev. By initiating conversation with people |
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Term
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Definition
| This is one way adults help support children's language learning. High pitch, slow/exaggerate, repetition Appears universally and not taught to do it, seems instinctive. Some argue it is innate |
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Term
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Definition
Even deaf mothers do it in sign language. Slower and exaggerated signs. And repeat it. Importance of child-directed speech –
Children do pay more attention to it. Infants are better at detecting difference in child directed speech. Like “pu” and “bu” Will not be proficient if they never speak Nativist theory is most liked. Social interaction is understood. Learning theory is rejected mostly today. Still debates. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1a. Protowords 9 to 10 months – consistent sound or pattern of sounds to refer to specific thing or event. Examples – Calling your sibling “dodo” when her name is Stephanie |
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Term
| Importance of proto words |
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Definition
| Mark an important transition from meaningless babbling to sounds that have some meaning. |
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Term
| From First Words to Conversation |
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Definition
2a. Semantics – Vocabulary/Meaning 1 year – Say first true word.
By 18-months-old – About 50 words. |
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Term
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Definition
Develop a ton of words daily. Learn about 10 to 20 words a day. By age 2 – Can produce 200 words.
by age 6 – 10,000 words. |
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Term
| How are Early Words Acquired |
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Definition
Modeling – Parents spend time labeling objects.
Talking to your child – The more you talk to your kid the faster they learn words. |
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Term
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Definition
Partial understanding of a word after single exposure
18 months – When focusing on same thing can use context clues. |
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Term
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Definition
Overextend meaning of words.
Example: parrot – may apply the name parrot to all birds. |
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Term
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Definition
Make definition too small and too specific.
Example: parrot – Have problem identifying other parrots as parrot’s and only their parrot is a parrot. |
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Term
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Definition
Use word order to get an idea of what the word means. Example: pidding – Using the word order we can tell its an action.
Example: pid –After a verb |
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Term
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Definition
assumptions that children automatically make about the possible meaning of a new word.
Example: ostrich |
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Term
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Definition
| that a child will assume a new word means the whole object. |
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Term
| mutual exclusivity constraint |
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Definition
| Only associate this new name with this one object. |
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Term
| lexical contrast constraint |
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Definition
| assume it has different meaning from any other word they know. |
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Term
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Definition
One rule rules over another.
Example: ostrich – Keep them from thinking a llama is an ostrich it prevents them from realizing a ostrich is an animal |
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Term
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Definition
– Can overrule other constraints. Like learning animal can mean many different things.
Innate or learned – Has a mix of both biological and learning for when these occur and how. |
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Term
| What is the Function of Early Words? |
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Definition
holophrases – Contain the meaning of an entire sentence.
Example: hot – can mean watch out dad the oven is hot. Hot can also mean the oven is hot I shouldn’t touch it. |
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Term
| several communication functions: |
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Definition
1. Demand
2. request
3. Desire
4. question
To understand holophrases – Body language and tone of voice |
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Term
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Definition
Pragmatics - non-verbal aspects as well as verbal aspects. If I ask you a question and the answer is obvious its probably not a question.
Example: jumping on bed – when you ask if they have to jump on the bed, you don’t really care if they have a need to jump on bed you want them to stop. |
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Term
| Rules learned during early school years |
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Definition
| 1. Say something relevant to topic being discussed. 2. Say something related to what someone just said. 3. Do not repeat what has already been said. |
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Term
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Definition
1a. Learning Two Languages
# of children in the U.S. – 6 million kids. |
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Term
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Definition
| person learns second language while maintaining a second one. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone loses fluency in first language as results of learning second. |
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Term
| When additive is most likely |
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Definition
| When its important for you to know both. |
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Term
| When subtractive is most likely |
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Definition
If the second language is considered in someway superior children will subtract the other one.
Example: in the school system – Can be punished for speaking a certain language in school. |
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Term
| Simultaneous and Sequential Bilingualism |
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Definition
Simultaneous bilingualism – develops when child learns two languages at the same time starting from infancy.
sequential bilingualism – Learn one language first then later learn one. Lot of times done in school |
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Term
| Age of learning bilingualism |
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Definition
| Affects how good you will speak second language. If you begin other language by 3 you can become just as fluent in that language as first. If later youll usually have an accent |
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Term
| Why younger children learn language better |
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Definition
| Not because they have greater language learning ability, one argument is that they have more time to learn it. Another argument is interference, when the knowledge of the first one interferes with learning the second. |
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Term
| Social and Cultural Dialect |
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Definition
2a. Dialect differences in:
Even though people in the same region will speak the same language there can be different terms for certain things. Can have differences in terms of grammar . Pragmatics can differ, style of language interactions can differ.
Dialect defintion – Consistant and systematic variety of a single lanauge. That is shared by a certain subgroup of speakers
accent – Speech characteristics or differences and how words are pronounced. Subpart of dialect
how dialect’s get their name – From a particular ethic group such as –African American english |
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