Term
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Definition
| Black & white vision only (2/3 cone types are missing) |
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Term
| Dichromatism (3 subtypes) |
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Definition
One cone type missing:
Protanopia- Loss of Long wavelength cones
Deuteranopia: Loss of medium wavelength cones Tritanopia: loss of Short wavelength cones |
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Term
| Anomalous trichromatism (cause, 3 subtypes) |
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Definition
Caused by abnormal pigments in cones
Protanomaly: Long WL pigment abnormally similar to Med WL cone
Deuteranomaly: Med WL pigment abnormally close to L WL
Tritanomaly: SWL pigment is abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an increased intensity difference observed on either side of a dark/light border - caused by lateral inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibition that spreads across the same level of a neural circuit |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when two groups of different forms of damage show reciprocal abilities
(any found double dissociation is the best evidence that different brain regions are responsible for the tasks) |
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Term
| sensory deficit agnosia (cause & effect) |
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Definition
Cause: damage to both hemispheres in the occipital lobes
Effect: visual acuity damaged, leaving subjects less/inable to recognize objects |
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Term
| apperceptive agnosia (cause & effect) |
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Definition
Cause: Damage to Right Temporal or Right Parietal lobe
defecit in which subject's visual acuity is normal but shape perception is impaired |
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Term
| associative agnosia (cause & effect) |
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Definition
Cause: Caused by damage to both hemispheres at Occipital-temporal Junction
Shape perception is normal,but subject still cannot recognize shapes |
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Term
| prosopagnisia (cause & effect) |
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Definition
Cause: Right Temporal lobe damage
inability to recognize faces, caused by right temporal lobe damage |
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Term
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Definition
a smile that constricts the zygomatic muscles of the cheeks & eye:
-always indicates a genuine smile |
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Term
| non-accidental properties |
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Definition
| properties in an object in 2 dimensions that do not change as the viewer's perspective of the object changes |
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Term
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Definition
| for any 2-d projection (such as what we find in the retina) there are an **infinite number of 3-d environments ** which could give rise to that 2-d image |
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Term
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Definition
| as one moves through the environment, nearer stationary objects appear to move through the visual field faster than more distant objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the retinal image on the two eyes is slightly different in each. This relative disparity is compared in the brain, providing an absolute depth cue. |
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Term
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Definition
an imaginary arc passing through the point of optical fixation
objects on the horopter fall on corresponding points on the two retinas |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of the visual world around the horopter in which the retinal images are fused, and perceived as a single object |
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Term
| List the three types of (cell) columns found in V1 |
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Definition
-Location Columns (respond to the same retinal location)
-Orientation columns (respond to only one orientation)
-Ocular dominance columns (respond to primarily one eye or the other) |
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Term
Function of MT
Function of V4
Function of IT |
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Definition
MT: Responds to motion
V4: Responds to color
IT: Responds to complex shapes |
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Term
| Most likely hypothesized reason why we have color vision: |
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Definition
our ancestors were primates, and their diets would have been primarily fruit.
the enhanced ability color vision would impart in finding & correctly assessing the ripeness of fruit would have been hugely advantageous |
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Term
| Procedure (2 parts) & results of color matching experiemnts |
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Definition
Procedure:
1- Subjects shown a spot of pure wavelength light (the test stimulus)
2- Subjects adjust intensities of other lights of different wavelengths (which are focused on a converging spot) until the color they see matches what they see in the test stimulus
Results: Three (and only three) lights are required to match any pure wavelength light |
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Term
| Explain the Young-Helmolz theory of color perception: |
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Definition
| posits that there are three different types of color receptor - each responding MAXIMALLY to one different wavelength, but having SOME response to all (visible) wavelengths. |
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Term
| Facts (2) which prompted Hering to develop his theory of color perception: |
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Definition
1. Some color combinations are IMPOSSIBLE to perceive (Red + Green)
2. Staring at one color produces afterimages of a different color |
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Term
| Explain Hering's opponent process theory: |
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Definition
Our eye has three different types of receptors: Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, Black-White
Each receptor is excited by one member of the pair and inhibited by the other |
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Term
Between Young-Helmholz and Hering's Opponnent Process theories, which is correct?
Why? |
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Definition
Both are correct.
Cones respond as Young-Helmholz predict
Ganglions respond as Hering predicts |
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Term
How do people with dichromatism respond in color matching experiments (relative to people with normal vision)?
How do people with anomalous trichromatism respond to color matching experiments (relative to people with normal vision)? |
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Definition
Dichromats need only two lights to match any pure wavelength light
Anomalous trichromats need three lights, but their matches will look different to people with normal vision. (while Anomalous trichromats can't tell the difference) |
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Term
| Significance of Berlin & Kay study: |
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Definition
determined that people of all cultures probably perceive colors the same
(because all cultures select the same 11/329 colors as the "best example" of any given hue) |
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Term
| Diagram the circuit that creates mach bands: |
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Definition
| SORRY- Can't really make a card for this. |
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Term
| Any theory of human object recognition must account for the following (four things): |
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Definition
1. Object recognition occurs very fast
2. People are able to recognize objects they've never seen before- often quite easily
3. People can recognize partially occluded objects
4. People can recognize objects from any size, position and orientation. |
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Term
| What are the three general categories of object recognition theories? |
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Definition
Template theories
Feature Theories
Structural Description theories |
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Term
| at least one of the four problems common to template theories: |
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Definition
-Any input must be normalized prior to matching
-No easy solution to depth orientation problem
-Unclear how new objects would be recognized
-Unclear how to overcome partial occlusion |
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Term
| one problem common to feature theories: |
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Definition
| Make the incorrect prediction that scrambled objects should be recognized as easily as unscrambled objects |
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Term
| one problem common to structural description theories: |
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Definition
| we do not know which features are used in descriptions or how that information is extracted by the visual system |
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Term
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Definition
Viewpoint-invariant
Robust to noise |
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Term
| why is it important geons are based on non-accidental properties? |
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Definition
| So that they are Viewpoint-Invariant: ie can be recognized from any angle |
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Term
| Steps (5) in the object-recognition process according to RBC: |
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Definition
1. Edges are extracted from the image
2. Image edges are separated into parts, and simultaneously, non-accidental properties are determined
3. Geons are Identified
4. Relations among Geons are Determined
5. Best match in memory is found |
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Term
| Major piece of information in favor of RBC |
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Definition
| blocking or obstructing the non-accidental properties of an image is FAR more disruptive to object recognition than blocking or obstructing parts of an image that leaves non-accidental properties intact |
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Term
| Procedure, Results and Significance of Ungerlieder and Mishkin experiments: |
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Definition
Procedure (& results):
-IT pathway ablated in one group of monkeys, PP pathway ablated in a second group
-Object Recognition task [differentiating shapes] (IT monkeys failed / PP monkeys could)
-spatial location task [find object relative to another], (PP monkeys failed while IT monkeys could.)
Significance:
-Showed the Dorsal Pathway (PP) codes location (the 'where' pathway)
Showed the Ventral (IT) pathway codes identity (the 'what' pathway) |
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Term
| How would RBC explain each of the (3) types of agnosia? |
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Definition
Sensory Deficit agnosia: Edge extraction Stage (stage 1) failure
apperceptive agnosia: Image edge separation & non accidental properties stage (stage 2) failure
associative agnosia: Relations among geons (stage 4) failure |
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Term
| Three reasons why face recognition appears to be a different process than object recognition: |
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Definition
-Different parts of the brain are involved (FFA vs EBA vs PPA)
-Faces are difficult to recognize in photographic negative while objects are not
-Face recognition is difficult when they appear upside-down, while objects are not |
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Term
| Four categories of depth cues: |
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Definition
Oculomotor cues
Binocular disparity
Pictorial cues
Motion-produced cues |
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Term
Which depth cue is this, and what category does it belong to:
When moving in a direction not perpendicular to the surfaces of two objects, the nearer object will cover more of the further object if movement is in one direction, and less if it is in the opposite direction |
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Definition
| Detection and Accretion, which is a motion-produced cue |
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Term
| If an image in the two eyes is inwardly displaced from the corresponding retinal points, it is: |
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Definition
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Term
| if an image is outwardly displaced from the corresponding retinal points it is: |
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Definition
| Further than the horopter |
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Term
| Two causes of stereo blindness: |
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Definition
Infantile strabisumus (lazy eye in infancy
some genetic disorder |
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Term
1.Reasons (3) why stereo vision is not as important to perception as the other depth cues:
2.What is stereopsis good for then? |
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Definition
Stereo blind people make it through life without even realizing it, most times
at long distances (100ft+) stereopsis isn't even useful, because retinal disparity at that range is miniscule
stereopsis is irrelevant to object recognition
Most useful for hand-eye coordination tasks |
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Term
constant angle rule:
One exception where this rule doesn't apply, and why: |
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Definition
when in motion, a growing or shrinking angle relative to a given point (such as an object) indicates that no collision will occur with that point. Requires both objects to maintain constant heading.
Doesn't apply when merging on the highway, because one vehicle's heading is not constant (straight). |
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