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Definition
| Systematic changes and continuities over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of changes in organization of behavior throughout the lifespan; what changes(the causes) and how the change is effected(processes) |
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| Development is both _____ and _____ |
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Definition
| regular and idiosyncratic |
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| Why do we know more about what than how? |
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Definition
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Term
Periods of child development:
Prenatal period, Infancy, Early childhood, Middle and late childhood |
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Definition
| Conception to birth (40 wks/ 9 months); Birth to 2 years; 2-6 yrs (preschool years); 6 to 11 yrs (elementary years) |
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| Basic issues of child development: (3) |
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Definition
| Nature vs. Nurture; Continuity vs. Discontinuity; Stability vs. Change |
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Definition
Idealists or Rationalists - Plato, Descartes;
G. Stanley Hall - Milestones were dictated by inborn developmental plan, identify norms |
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Definition
Empiricists - John Locke-tabula rasa;
John Watson - behaviorism, Little Albert |
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Definition
| Quantitative change ex. height, age |
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Definition
| Stages of development, qualitative change ex. change in nature, quality, form; caterpillar changing to butterfly |
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Definition
| Early experiences; a psychological quality can be traced back to its origin; Sigmund Freud |
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Definition
| Later experiences; Development continues throughout the lifespan; later experiences can override early experiences |
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| Aslin's Model of Environmental Influence |
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Definition
| 5 models of possible gene-environment interaction |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory (creator) |
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Definition
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| Psychoanalytic theory (def.) |
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Definition
| Psychic energy of the six instinct (libido) - fuels human behavior; basic biological urges; personality is shaped by early experiences (first 5 years of life); Fixed amount of psychic energy |
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Definition
Instinctual nature of humans; gratify basic biological impulses, centered around self
ex. I'm hungry, give me food, crying. |
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Definition
Rational and objective; can wait for gratification & figure out a rational way to get gratification
ex. Ask mom for food. |
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Definition
| Internalized moral standards; feel guilty or ashamed when we violate society's rules |
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Definition
Freudian stages(discontinuous);
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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Definition
Erikson; change possible, cover the whole life span;
discontinuous |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Social cognitive theory(social learning theory) |
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| Classical conditioning (3 kinds) |
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Definition
Behaviorism-conclusions should be based on observable behavior
Tabula Rasa - environmental view; blank slate
Classical conditioning - Ivan Pavlov |
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Term
| Classical conditioning (def.) |
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Definition
| Ivan Pavlov; bell & dog; UCS, UCR, CS, CR |
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Term
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Definition
| B.F. Skinner; Positive/negative reinforcement, positive/negative punishment |
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| Social cognitive(learning) theory |
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Definition
| Bandura; emphasis- observational learning; BoBo doll studies |
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Term
| Cognitive developmental theory (3) |
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Definition
| Piaget, Vygotsky, Information processing approach |
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Term
| Piaget's cognitive developmental theory |
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Definition
| 4 stages; child takes an active role; constructivism- understanding based on experience; interactionist-interaction b/t nature & nurture |
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Term
| Vygotsky's cognitive developmental theory |
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Definition
| Cognitive development is a social process; emphasized role of language (ex. eskimo may have lots of words for snow while we only have one, same for hawaiian and multiple words for waves); scaffolding, zone of proximal development |
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| Cognitive Developmental theory: Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
| Uses computer models to explain learning; input-output; Identified both age-related and individual differences in information processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brofenbrenner; 5 environmental systems; Micro, Meso, Exo, Macro, Chrono |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametes are produced by _____ |
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Definition
| meiosis, in which each has only 23 chromosomes |
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Term
| Where does fertilization occur? |
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Definition
| fallopian tube; 10 hr. journey for sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| When sperm and ovum(egg) unite in fertilization |
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Definition
| segments of DNA located along the chromosomes |
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Definition
| Store and transmit genetic information. |
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Definition
| the 22 pairs of 'not sex' chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 23rd pair, X and Y chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Observable characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| When the two sets of instruction(two alleles) are the same at any given locus |
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Definition
| When the two alleles are different at any given locus. |
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Definition
| always express their characteristics; ex. hair color |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes in pairs to express their characteristics |
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Definition
Many genes blend together to increase the genetic outcomes seen in the phenotype.
ex. skin color, eye color, height |
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Definition
Expression of traits that are influenced by both genes and environment.
ex. Height |
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Term
| The most common form of inherited mental retardation? |
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Definition
| Fragile-X syndrome; sex-linked disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Down syndrome; 3 chromosomes for 21st 'pair' |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Most common prenatal screening? |
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Definition
| Ultrasonography & Maternal blood sampling |
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Term
Caused by recessive or dominant genes?
PKU
Sickle cell anemia
Tay-Sachs disease |
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Definition
Recessive
diet, Caucasian
W. Africans & African Americans
Jewish, mental retardation & blindness, die by age 3 |
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Term
Caused by recessive or dominant genes?
Huntington's disease
Schizophrenia
Migraine headaches
Extra fingers |
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Definition
adult onset, deterioration in the brain, affects motor and psychological functioning
These may not show symptoms until later in life and that's why they have survived and not died out. |
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Term
| Sex linked disorders: (3) |
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Definition
| Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, Fragile-X syndrome |
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Term
| The one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow sphere with inner cell mass on one side |
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Definition
| prenatal organ from 2 to 8 weeks after conception; the period when the groundwork for all body structures and internal organs is laid down |
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Definition
| encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid |
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Definition
| Surrounds amniotic sac; grows into placenta & umbilical cord |
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Definition
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Definition
| Connects mother & baby's circulatory systems(blood) |
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Definition
| Conception to two weeks; Implantation |
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Definition
| 3rd to 8th week; Organogenesis |
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Definition
| 9th week-birth; Rapid growth |
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Definition
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| Most prevalent infectious cause of congenital mental retardation and deafness? |
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Definition
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Term
Teratogens: (effects)
Rubella
HIV
Syphilis
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
CMV
Smoking
Drinking
Cocaine, Marijuana, & Heroin |
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Definition
R - heart defects, deafness, cataracts, schizophrenia
H - passed to fetus
S - brain, ear, eye.....
Gh - death, genital sores
G - blindness
C - congenital mental retardation and deafness
S - low birth weight, learning problems, ADHD
D - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
cmh - low birth weight, addicted |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 1: dilation & effacement
Stage 2: birth of baby
Stage 3: delivery of the placenta & umbilical cord |
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Term
| Indication of need of Cesarean Delivery (4) |
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Definition
| Breech presentation, Birth size, Poor progress during labor, Health and age concerns |
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Term
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Definition
| Anoxia, Dislocation of shoulders or hips, Compression of nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of oxygen immediately surrounding birth; cerebral palsy, mental retardation |
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Term
| Baby blues vs. Postpartum depression |
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Definition
BB- don't last but more than a few days
PD - symptoms last >a month |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment; for ? |
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Definition
| Parents; tracks development over 2 weeks |
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