Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psych 306
n/a
107
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/27/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bacteria
Definition
small, single-celled organisms that lack a nuclear membrane, but have all the genetic material (RNA and DNA) to reproduce themselves
Term
Virus
Definition
a protein shell around a nucleic acid core; viruses have either RNA or DNA, but not both, and thus cannot reproduce themselves; they invade host cells that provide the material to manufacture new virus particles
Term
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Definition
infections that can be, but are not necessarily always, transmitted by sexual contact
Term
Sexually Related Diseases
Definition
diseases of the reproductive system or genitals that are not contracted through sexual activity; often involve overgrowths of bacteria, yeasts, viruses, or fungal organisms that are found naturally in sexual and reproductive organs
Term
Gonorrhea
Definition
a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium (often referred to as "the gonococcus"), which lives on mucous membranes
Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Definition
a bacterially caused inflammation of a woman's reproductive tract, particularly the Fallopian tubes, that can result in sterility; the most common (though not the only) cause it untreated gonorrhea and/or chlamydia
Term
Nongonococcal (nonspecific) Urethritis (NGU)
Definition
any inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) bacterium
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, which lives on mucous membranes
Term
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
Definition
a sexually tranmitted infection common in tropical countries that is caused by chlamydia; if left untreated, it causes swelling of the inguinal lymph nodes, penis, labia, or clitoris
Term
Syphilis
Definition
a sexually transmitted infection caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium (spirochete), which can also pass directly through any cut or scrape into the bloodstream
Term
Chancroid
Definition
a sexually transmitted infection, caused by the Hemophilus ducreyi bacterium, which is characterized by small, painful bumps
Term
Granuloma inguinale
Definition
a rare (in the US) sexually transmitted infection that is characterized by ulceration of tissue
Term
Shigellosis
Definition
an infection that can be contracted during sexual activity by exposure to feces containing the Shigella bacterium
Term
Oral Herpes
Definition
a herpes infection in or around the mouth; it can be caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 or 2
Term
Genital Herpes
Definition
herpes infection in the genital region; it can be caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 or 2
Term
Hepatitis A, B and C
Definition
liver infections caused by viruses; type A is spread by direct or indirect contact with contaminated feces; type B is transmitted by infected blood or body fluids; with about 50% of the cases contracted during sex; type C is spread mainly by contaminated blood, but may possibly be spread during sexual intercourse in some cases
Term
Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)
Definition
viruses that cause abnormal growths in epithelial cells; there are over 100 types; a few (types 6 and 11) cause genital warts, while others (types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45) can lead to cancer of the cervix
Term
Genital (Venereal) Warts
Definition
warts in the genital and anal regions caused by human papillomaviruses (mainly types 6 and 11); the warts are cauliflowerlike growths
Term
Molluscum Contagiosum
Definition
a sexually transmitted virus with symptoms that look like small pimples filled with kernels of corn
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
an often fatal infection caused by a virus (HIV) that destroys the immune system; it is spread by intimate sexual activity (the exchange of bodily fluids) or contaminated blood
Term
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Definition
a virus that kills CD4+ cells, eventually resulting in AIDS
Term
Immune System
Definition
the bodily mechanisms involved in the production of antibodies in response to bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells
Term
Primary HIV Infection
Definition
the first few weeks of HIV infection, during which HIV reaches enormous levels in the blood and 50% to 75% of infected individuals experience flulike symptoms
Term
Asymptomatic
Definition
showing no symptoms
Term
Asymptomatic HIV Infection
Definition
a stage of HIV infection in which infected individuals show no visible symptoms
Term
Symptomatic HIV Infection
Definition
the early symptoms of HIV infection, which eventually lead to AIDS
Term
Pubic Lice
Definition
an infestation of the parasite Phthirus pubis, which attach themselves to pubic hair and feed on blood; also known as "crabs"
Term
Scabies
Definition
a contagious infestation of parasitic mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrow under the skin to lay their eggs
Term
Pinworms
Definition
small worms (Enterobius vermicularis) that live in the large intestine and are generally transmitted through nonsexual contact with the worms' eggs, but which can be transmitted sexually by manual or oral contact with the anus of an infected person
Term
Amebiasis
Definition
dysentery caused by infestation of amoebae, one-celled organisms
Term
Trichomoniasis
Definition
a type of vaginitis caused by a one-celled protozoan that is usually transmitted during sexual intercourse
Term
Moniliasis
Definition
sometimes called Candidiasis; a type of vaginitis caused by the overgrowth of a microorganism (Candida albicans) that is normally found in the vagina; moniliasis is a fungus or yeast infection and usually is a sexually related, rather than a sexually transmitted infection
Term
Bacterial Vaginosis
Definition
a type of vaginitis caused by the interaction of several vaginal bacteria (particularly Gardnerella vaginalis)
Term
Cystitis
Definition
a bacterial infection of the bladder (often caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli
Term
Prostatisis
Definition
inflammation of the prostate gland
Term
Safer sex
Definition
sexual behaviors involving a low risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection; these include consistent use of condoms and/or abstaining from sex until one enters a long-term monogamous relationship
Term
contraception
Definition
the prevention of conception
Term
Perfect-use pregnancy rate
Definition
for a particular birth-control technique, the percentage of pregnancies during the first year of use by couples who use the technique properly and consistently
Term
Typical-Use Pregnancy Rate
Definition
for a particular birth control technique, the percentage of pregnancies during the first year of use by all couples who use the technique, regardless of whether or not they use it properly or consistently
Term
Withdrawal (coitus interruptus)
Definition
withdrawal of the man's penis from his partner's vagina before ejaculation in order to avoid conception; it is sometimes ineffective because fluids from the Cowper's glands may contain sperm
Term
Douching
Definition
a feminine hygiene practice of rinsing out the vagina, usually with specifically prepared solutions
Term
Lactational Amenorrhea Method (breast-feeding)
Definition
in reference to contraception, the sucking response by a baby on the mother's nipple inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone, thus preventing ovulation
Term
Fertility Awareness Methods
Definition
methods of birth control that attempt to prevent conception by having a couple abstain from sexual intercourse during the woman's ovulation
Term
Calendar method
Definition
a fertility awareness method of birth control that attempts to determine a woman's fertile period by use of a mathematical formula
Term
Standard Days Methods
Definition
a fertility awareness method of birth control for women who typically have menstrual cycles of 26 to 32 days
Term
Basal body temperature
Definition
the temperature of the body while resting; it rises slightly after ovulation
Term
Billings method
Definition
a fertility awareness method of birth control in which changes in the consistency and quantity of cervical mucus are used to tell when ovulation has occurred
Term
Cervical mucus
Definition
the slimy secretion of mucous membranes located inside the cervix
Term
Sympto-Thermal Method
Definition
a combination of the basal body temperature and Billings fertility awareness met
Term
Spermicides
Definition
chemicals that kill sperm; in most products, the chemical is nonoxynol-9
Term
Barrier (blockade) method
Definition
general term for contraceptive methods that block the passage of sperm
Term
Condom
Definition
for men, a sheath made of latex rubber, lamb intestine, or polyurethane that fits over the penis; for women, a polyurethane intravaginal pouch held in place by two flexible rings; condoms are effective as contraception and for prevention of sexually transmitted infections
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
a dome-shaped rubber cup with a flexible rim that fits over the cervix and thus acts as a contraceptive device by serving as a barrier to the passage of sperm into the uterus
Term
Cervical cup
Definition
a contraceptive device that fits over the cervix by suction, thus blocking the passage of sperm into the uterus
Term
Contraceptive Sponge
Definition
a contraceptive device made of polyurethane sponge that contains enough spermicide to be effective for 24 hours after being inserted into the vagina
Term
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Definition
a birth control device, usually made of plastic with either a copper or progesterone coating, that is placed in the uterus to prevent conception and implantation
Term
Combination Pill
Definition
an oral contraceptive that contains both synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone
Term
Progestin-only pill
Definition
an oral contraceptive that contains only progestins
Term
Depo-Provera
Definition
market name for medroxyprogesterone acetate, a chemical that when injected suppresses ovulation for 3 months
Term
Implanon
Definition
a hormone implant with a single progestin-releasing rod that is effective for 3 years
Term
Jadelle
Definition
a hormone implant with two progestin-releasing rods that is effective for 5 years
Term
OrthoEvra
Definition
a contraceptive patch (containing the same hormones as the combination birth control pill) that applies to the skin and is effective for 1 week
Term
NuvaRing
Definition
a flexible ring containing the same hormones as the combination birth control pill that is inserted into the vagina and is effective for 3 weeks
Term
Emergency contraceptive
Definition
methods that prevent contraceptive when used in the first few days after sexual intercourse
Term
Sterilization
Definition
a general term for surgical techniques that render an individual infertile
Term
Vasectomy
Definition
the male sterilization technique in which the vas deferens is tied off and cut, thus preventing passage of sperm through the reproductive tract
Term
Tubal Sterilization
Definition
a female sterilization technique that originally referred only to the tying of the Fallopian tubes, but which is now often used as a general term for a variety of female sterilization techniques
Term
Microbicide
Definition
a cream or gel that is applied intravaginally or intrarectally before sex in order to kill, block, or inactive bacteria and viruses that cause sexually transmitted infections
Term
Laparoscopy
Definition
a technique that involves inserting a slender, tubelike instrument (laparoscope) into a woman's abdomen to examine (via fiberoptics) her reproductive organs or a fetus; the procedure is often used to perform female sterilizations
Term
Abortion
Definition
termination of pregnancy; depending on how far the pregnancy has advanced, this can be done by taking a pill (RU 486); scraping the uterine lining (dilation and curettage); removing the uterine lining by suction (dilation and evacuation); or inducing labor (by injecting hypertonic saline or prostaglandns)
Term
Sperm
Definition
germ cell of a man
Term
Capacitation
Definition
a process that sperm undergo while traveling through the woman's reproductive tract in which their membranes become thin enough so that an enzyme necessary for softening the ovum's membrane can be released
Term
Conception
Definition
the union of an egg and a sperm
Term
Zygote
Definition
the one-celled organism created from the fusion of a sperm and egg
Term
Morula
Definition
the collection of cells formed when the zygote begins rapid cell division
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
the fluid-filled sphere that reaches the uterus after fertilization and which was created by the transformation of the morula through continued, rapid cell division
Term
Implantation
Definition
the process by which the blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus
Term
Trophoblast
Definition
the outer four cell layers of the embryo
Term
Umbilical cord
Definition
the cord that connects an embryo or fetus to the mother's placenta
Term
Amnion
Definition
a thick-skinned sac filled with water that surrounds the fetus
Term
Chorion
Definition
the fourth membrane of the trophoblast; it develops into the lining of the placenta
Term
Placenta
Definition
an organ that serves as a connection or interface between the fetus' systems and those of the mother
Term
Ectopic Pregnancy
Definition
the implantation of a fertilized egg outside of the endometrium of the uterus
Term
Trimesters
Definition
three-month periods of pregnancy (months 1-3, 4-6, 7-9), so labeled for descriptive purposes
Term
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Definition
a hormone secreted by the chorion that stimulates the ovaries during pregnancy
Term
"Morning sickness"
Definition
a symptom of early pregnancy involving nausea
Term
Couvade Syndrome
Definition
the experiencing of pregnancy symptoms by male partners; sometimes called "sympathy pains"
Term
Embryo
Definition
the term given to the blastocyst after is has implanted
Term
Fetus
Definition
the term given to the embryo after the 8th week of pregnancy
Term
Quickening
Definition
the first time a pregnant woman experiences movement of the fetus, usually in the 5th month
Term
Lanugo
Definition
light hair that covers a newborn baby
Term
Vernix Caseosa
Definition
a waxy bluish substance that covers a newborn baby
Term
Teratogens
Definition
substances that can harm an embryo or fetus
Term
Critical Period
Definition
in relation to teratogens, the time during embryonic or fetal development during which a particular part of the body is most susceptible to damage
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Definition
a condition common to infants born to alcoholic mothers, involving physical and nervous system abnormalities
Term
Preeclampsia
Definition
a disease of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, weight gain, swollen joints, and protein in the urine; unless it is corrected, it can lead to convulsions and coma
Term
Rh Factor
Definition
a protein in the blood of most individuals; if a mother does not have it and the fetus she carries does, she can develop antibodies against the Rh factor; this is called an Rh incompatibility problem
Term
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Definition
a technique used for detecting problems in a fetus during the 10th to 12th weeks of pregnancy; hairlike projections (villi) of the chorion are collected and examined
Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
a technique for detecting fetal problems, involving collection of amniotic fluid between the 14th and 18th weeks of pregnancy
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
a noninvasive technique for examining the internal organs of a fetus; it uses sound waves like a radar or sonar scan to create a picture
Term
Fetal Surgery
Definition
a surgical operation on the fetus while it is still in the uterus
Term
Miscarriage
Definition
a spontaneous abortion
Term
Prenatal Examination
Definition
a health checkup by a physician during pregnancy
Term
Fear-Tension-Pain Cycle
Definition
according to prepared childbirth advocates, the cycle of events that women experience during labor when they are not properly educated about labor and childbirth
Term
Prepared Childbirth
Definition
courses or techniques that prepare women for labor and childbirth, with the goal of making it a positive experience
Term
Nurse-Midwife
Definition
a registered nurse, trained in obstetrical techniques, who delivers babies, often at the expectant mother's home
Term
Lightening
Definition
rotation of the fetus prior to childbirth so that its head is downward, resulting in decreased pressure on the mother's abdomen
Supporting users have an ad free experience!