Term
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Definition
| an immature ovum enclosed by a single layer of cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an egg; the female reproductive cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a process that sperm undergo while traveling through the woman's reproductive tract in which their membranes become thin enough so that an enzyme necessary for softening the ovum's membrane can be released |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of an egg and a sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the one-celled organism created from the fusion of a sperm and egg |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of cells formed when the zygote begins rapid cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid-filled sphere that reaches the uterus after fertilization and which was created by the transformation of the morula through continued, rapid cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer four cell layers of the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| the cord that connects an embryo or fetus to the mother's placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick-skinned sac filled with water that surrounds the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| the fourth membrane of the trophoblast; it develops into the lining of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ that serves as a connection or interface between the fetus' systems and those of the mother |
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Term
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Definition
| the implantation of a fertilized egg outside of the endometrium of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| three-month periods of pregnancy (1-3, 4-6, 7-9), so labeled for descriptive purposes |
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Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the chorion that stimulates the ovaries during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a symptom of early pregnancy involving nausea |
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Term
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Definition
| the experiencing of pregnancy symptoms by male partners; sometimes called "sympathy pains" |
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Term
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Definition
| the term given to the blastocyst after it has implanted |
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Term
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Definition
| the term given to the embryo after the 8th week of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the first time a pregnant woman experiences movement of the fetus, usually in the 5th month |
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Term
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Definition
| light hair that covers a newborn baby |
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Term
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Definition
| a waxy bluish substance that covers a newborn baby |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can harm an embryo or fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| in relation to teratogens, the time during embryonic or fetal development during which a particular part of the body is most susceptible to damage |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| a condition common to infants born to alcoholic mothers, involving physical and nervous system abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, weight gain, swollen joints, and protein in the urine; unless it is corrected, it can lead to convulsions and coma |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein in the blood of most individuals; if a mother does not have it and the fetus she carries does, she can develop antibodies against the Rh factor; this is called an Rh incompatibility problem |
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Term
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Definition
| a technique used for detecting problems in a fetus during the 10th to 12th weeks of pregnancy; hairlike projections (villi) of the chorion are collected and examined |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for detecting fetal problems, involving collection of amniotic fluid between the 14th and 18th weeks of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| a noninvasive technique for examining the internal organs of a fetus; it uses sound waves like a radar or sonar scan to create a picture |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical operation on the fetus while it is still in the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a health checkup by a physician during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| according to prepared childbirth advocates, the cycle of events that women experience during labor when they are not properly educated about labor and childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| courses or techniques that prepare women for labor and childbirth, with the goal of making it a positive experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a registered nurse, trained in obstetrical techniques, who delivers babies, often at the expectant mother's home |
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Term
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Definition
| rotation of the fetus prior to childbirth so that its head is downward, resulting in decreased pressure on the mother's abdomen |
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Term
| braxton-hicks contractions |
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Definition
| uterine contractions experienced during the last trimester of pregnancy that are often incorrectly interpreted as the beginning of labor; also called false labor |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of temporary contractions of the uterus that resemble the start of labor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the thinning of the cervix during labor |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of labor that begins with uterine contractions pushing the fetus downward toward the cervix and ends when the cervix is fully dilated |
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Term
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Definition
| the last part of the start-up stage of labor, during which the cervix dilates to 10 cm in order for the baby to be able to enter the birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of labor that begins when the cervix is fully dilated and the fetus begins moving through the birth canal; it ends with birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the appearance of the fetus' head at the vaginal opening during childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| detachment and expulsion of the placenta from the uterus after childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| the expulsion of the placenta from the uterus after a baby is born |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical procedure performed on women just before giving birth to reduce the risk of tearing the perineum |
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Term
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Definition
| a birth in which the baby is born feet or buttocks first |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the placenta blocks the cervical opening |
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Term
| cesarean section (c-section) |
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Definition
| the surgical removal of a fetus through the mother's abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| an infant born weighing less the 5.5 pounds and before 37 weeks of pregnancy |
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Term
| respiratory distress syndrome |
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Definition
| an illness common in premature infants; caused by insufficient levels of surfactin |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released from the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the breasts |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes the breast to eject milk |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick, sticky liquid produced by a mother's breasts before milk starts to flow |
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Term
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Definition
| a mild, transient emotional letdown experienced by a majority of women after giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a deep depression experienced by about 10% of women in the first few months after giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychotic state experienced by about 1 in 1000 women after giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of a couple to conceive |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a couple to conceive within a certain period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of treating infertility caused by a low sperm count in men; sperm are collected during several ejaculations and then inserted into the partner's vaginal at the time of ovulation |
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Term
| intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) |
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Definition
| a procedure used to treat men who have a low sperm count; injection of a single sperm directly into an egg |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that improve the chance of conception in women who are infertile owing to hormone deficiencies; the drugs either stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH or stimulate the ovaries directly |
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Term
| in vitro fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
| a process in which a mature ovum is surgically removed from a woman's ovary, placed in a medium with sperm until fertilization occurs, and then placed in the woman's uterus; this is usually done in women who cannot conceive because of blocked Fallopian tubes |
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Term
| Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) |
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Definition
| a procedure for treating female infertility in which sperm and eggs are gathered and placed directly into a fallopian tube |
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Term
| zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) |
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Definition
| a method of treating infertility caused by blocked fallopian tubes; an ovum taken from the infertile woman is fertilized by sperm from her partner and then transferred to the unblocked portion of a fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
| a woman who carries a fetus to full term for another couple, agreeing to give the infant to the other couple after it is born; the infant generally represents a union of the sperm from the man and either his partner's ovum or the ovum of the surrogate mother |
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Term
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Definition
| one's subjective sense of being a man (or boy) or a woman (or girl); this sense is usually acquired by the age of 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of culturally specific norms concerning the expected behaviors and attitudes of men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| rod-shaped structures containing the genetic material that determines a person's inherited characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a primitive duct system found in embryos that, if allowed to develop, becomes the male reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| a primitive duct system found in embryos, which, if allowed to develop, becomes the female reproductive system |
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Term
| mullerian duct-inhibiting substance |
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Definition
| a chemical secreted by the testicles during embryonic development that causes the mullerian ducts to shrink and disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals with a combination of male and female anatomical features, or in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with anatomical sex |
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Term
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Definition
| a person with both male and female reproductive systems as a result of failure of the primitive gonads to differentiate properly during embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which a person is born with ambiguous genitalia as a result of a hormonal abnormality; andrenogenital and androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Term
| adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) |
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Definition
| a condition in girls in which the adrenal glands excrete too much testosterone during fetal development, causing masculinization; this includes enlargement of the clitoris and labia, so that at birth the genitals are sometimes mistaken for those of a boy; also called congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
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Term
| androgen insensitivity syndrome |
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Definition
| a condition in which the testicles secrete normal amounts of testosterone during male embroyonic development, but the tissues do not respond to it; as a result, a clitoris, labia, and a short vagina develop, but the internal female structures do not develop because the testicles still secrete mullerian duct-inhibitory substances |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of androgen insensitivity syndrome in which, becuase testosterone is not converted into dihydrotestosterone, boys' external genitals do not develop properly; development occurs at puberty with the rise in testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling of being trapped in a body of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| an adult whose gender identity does not match his or her biological sex |
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Term
| gender identity disorder (GID) |
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Definition
| a disorder with the criteria a) behaviors that indicate identification with the opposite gender, and b) behaviors that indicate discomfort with one's own anatomy and gender roles |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual whose gender roles are opposite of those that society expects based on his or her anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
| two meanings: 1)the adoption of the sex roles of the same-sex parent by a child, 2)in advertising, to identify or relate to a product |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| following the behaviors of someone taken as one's model |
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Term
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Definition
| the knowledge that one's gender is constant and will not change; this knowledge is usually acquired by age 6 or 7 |
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Term
| evolutionary (sociobiological) theory |
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Definition
| in reference to sex differences in human behavior, states that the behavioral differences are due to the different reproductive pressures men and women faced over thousands of generations |
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Term
| sociocultural (microstructural theory) |
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Definition
| states that the psychological differences between men and women are a social construction |
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Term
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Definition
| oversimplified, preconceived beliefs about the gender roles of men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an individual to display a variety of personality characteristics, both masculine and feminine, depending on whether a trait or behavior is appropriate in a given situation; it is often viewed as a positive characteristic that gives an individual greater adaptability |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality characteristic; a cognitive focus on "getting the job done" |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality characteristic; a cognitive focus on "an affective concern for the welfare of others" |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of internalizing society's beliefs; the manner in which a society shapes individual behaviors and expectations of behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas about gender roles that children create from their interactions with their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct preference for sexual partners of a particular sex in the presence of clear alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual with a sexual orientation primarily to members of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual with a sexual orientation primarily to members of the same sex |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual with a sexual orientation toward both men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| a term generally used to refer to male homosexuals, although in some places it is used to refer to homosexuals of either sex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a term used by homosexuals for a heterosexual |
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Term
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Definition
| a same-sex sexual behavior between adult men and boys |
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Term
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Definition
| an irrational fear of homosexual individuals and homosexuality |
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Term
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Definition
| socially reinforced negative attitudes toward homosexuals, homosexual communities, and homosexual behaviors |
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Term
| sexual identity development |
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Definition
| a term for disclosing one's homosexuality or bisexuality to others |
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Term
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Definition
| disclosing to others one's homosexual orientation, from the expression "coming out of the closet" |
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Term
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Definition
| the time in life when an individual first shows sexual attraction and becomes capable of reproduction |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily changes that occur during puberty and differentiate men and wome |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily changes that occur during puberty and differentiate men and wome |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| bodily changes that occur during puberty and differentiate men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for a girl's first menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| an ejaculation that occurs during sleep in teenaged boys and men, a "wet dream" |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive development of the male breasts |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive development of the male breasts |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which puberty begins before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and physical growth do not begin until well after they have begun in most children |
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Term
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Definition
| noncoital sexual contact below the waist |
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Term
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Definition
| erotic physical contact below the waist |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of allowing men or women to have more than one mate at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of allowing men to have two or more wives at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of allowing women to have more that one husband at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations by one's peer group about how one is supposed to behave |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental stage of life; an extended period of being a single adult that occurs between adolescence and young adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual relations with a nonromantic partner (usually a friend) |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of having a series of monogamous sexual relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of open marriage relationship in which a couple of extramarital relations together with other couples |
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Term
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Definition
| a marital relationship in which the couple agrees that it is permissible to have sexual relations outside of the marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for a woman's last menstrual period |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge about sex that is received (usually informally) from family, friends, the media, and society in general |
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Term
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Definition
| being perceived as receptive, a good listener, and accepting |
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Term
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Definition
| letting your child know that all questions are okay and will not be met with a negative attitude |
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Term
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Definition
| values that are supposed to apply to all people under all circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| values or ethics that emphasize the proper thing to do in particular situations |
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Term
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Definition
| admitting to oneself that one has a homosexual or bisexual orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual gets to know other homosexuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual tells family and friends of his or her sexual orientation, very difficult stage |
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Term
| Coming Out: Fourth (final) Stage |
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Definition
| complete opennes about one's homosexuality or bisexuality |
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