Term
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Definition
| Occurs when there is a floor or ceiling effect on one of the variables in a correlation |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the variability in the dependent variable due to the independent variable AND error |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the variability in the dependent variable due only to error |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures how much greater MStreat is than MSwithin and thus whether the independent variable is having an effect on the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a design in which there is more then one IV and every Iv level is present at all levels of the other IV's . |
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Term
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Definition
| The independent effect of one IV on the DV in a factorial design |
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Term
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Definition
| A within subjects design in which the performance of a single group of subjects is measured both before and after some experimental treatment |
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Term
| A quasi-experimental design: DV measurement is taken ONCE before treatment and ONCE after treatment, involves only a SINGLE GROUP of subjects |
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Definition
| Single group, pretest-posttest design |
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Term
| A quasi-experimental design: 2 OR MORE measures of the DV are taken before treatment AND after treatment. |
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Definition
| Interrupted time series design |
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Term
A quasi-experimental design DV measurement is taken before treatment, AND after treatment, involves SEPARATE groups of people
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Definition
| Non equivalent before after design |
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Term
| A design in which a researcher uses archival data to study an event that occurred in the past |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A naturalistic observation in which the researcher becomes a member of the group being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistic used to indicate strength and direction (positive or negative) of the linear relationship between two variables (measured on an interval or ratio scale) |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive relationship exists between two correlated variables when an increase in one results in an increase in the other. |
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Term
| Possible values of a correlation co-efficient |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| As one variable increases, the other decreases |
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Term
| Proportion of variance accounted for |
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Definition
| Refers to the proportion of the total variance in one variable that can be predicted from knowing the values of the other variable |
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Term
| Formula for proportion of variance accounted for |
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons (2) why correlation cannot be used to determine causation |
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Definition
It is sometimes unclear which variable is cause and which is effect.
A third variable may be responsible for the relationship |
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Term
| Why do an ANOVA instead of multiple t-tests |
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Definition
| Multiple t-tests are more work; Multiple t-tests inflate the type I error rate |
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Term
| Mathematical limitations of correlations (3) |
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Definition
Poor at capturing non-linear relationships,
greatly effected by extreme scores,
range restriction can lower the correlation measured |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when there is a floor or ceiling effect on one of the variables in a correlation |
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Term
| Levels of the independent variable |
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Definition
| the specific values of the IV that a researcher chooses to use in the study |
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Term
| Advantage of the experimental approach |
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Definition
| In contrast to all other research techniques, an experiment allows the researcher to infer a CAUSAL relationship between IV and DV |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when each member of the population to which we would like to generalize the results has an equally likely chance to particpate in the research |
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Term
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Definition
after the participants for an experiment have been chosen, random assignment occurs when each participant has an equally likely chance to be assigned to each IV level in a between subjects design, or to each treatment order in a within subject design |
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Term
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Definition
| a research technique in which the researcher manipulates the IV, but fails to have random assignment |
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Term
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Definition
| A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution |
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Term
| Positively skewed distribution |
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Definition
| A distribution with a few extreme high scores |
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Term
| Negatively skewed distribution |
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Definition
| A distribution with a few extreme low scores |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when subjects' performance on a task in an experiment changes as a result of experience with that task |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when effects of one treatment persist when another treatment is introduced |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of assigning subjects to treatment orders in a within subject design so that, across subjects, practice effects are balanced |
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Term
| Function of a latin square |
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Definition
Has as many columns and as many rows as there are IV levels. Rows represent subjects and columns represent treatment orders. Treatments are placed in every cell such that every treatment appears only once in every column and every row
(Method of counterbalancing) |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which your research provides a valid test of the effects of the IV on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of making a Type 1 error given that our experiment found an effect of the IV on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| the likelihood of an experiment failing to find an effect of the IV on the DV, when in fact such an effect exists |
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Term
| statistical power, and why it's desirable |
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Definition
the probability that an experiment will find an effect of the IV on the DV if such an effect exists
Desirable because it prevents type II errors |
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Term
| can't prove the null hypothesis |
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Definition
| it is impossible to prove that an IV has NO effect on the DV |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for extreme values of a data set to fall closer to the group mean when retested |
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Term
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Definition
| an extent to which the results of a study can be applied outside the research situation |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of a study that indicate to subjects how they are expected to respond |
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Term
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Definition
| a demand characteristic that occurs when subjects change behavior due to unintentional cues from the researcher |
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Term
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Definition
| a demand characteristic that occurs when subjects change behavior as a result of the expectation that change should occur |
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Term
| ways to overcome rosenthal and placebo effects |
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Definition
Rosenthal: Double blind experiment
Placebo: Single or double blind experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a demand characteristic that occurs when subjects change their behavior because they know they are being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the DV is influenced by the IV only because the IV is something new |
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Term
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Definition
| a naturalistic observation in which the researcher becomes a member of the group being observed |
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Term
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Definition
a description of the behavior or abilities of a single exceptional individual
Best used to generate hypotheses testable by other methods |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of experimental single subject designs |
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Definition
Reversal design
multiple baseline design
multielement design |
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Term
| a single-subject design that involves ONE treatment for ONE behavior, and the treatment is ALSO withdrawn and reintroduced |
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Definition
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Term
A single-subject design which involves RANDOMLY SELECTING one treatment from a larger set of possible treatments, until each treatment has been used to criterion.
The mean effect of each treatment type is measured. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single subject design that involves ONE subject, Multiple behaviors, multiple treatments. |
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Definition
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Term
| five factors determining statisical power |
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Definition
alpha (bigger = more power)
Effect size (bigger = more power)
Variability in the DV (bigger = more power)
Sample size (bigger = More power)
Correlation between the IV levels ( greater positive or negative = more power) |
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Term
| problems with single subject experimental designs (4) |
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Definition
-likely type I and type II errors
-placebo effects
-experimenter bias
-External validity |
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Term
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Definition
| a research technique in which the researcher observes and describes behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a research technique in which the researcher determines the relationship between variables without manipulating them |
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Term
| Independent Variable (IV) |
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Definition
| the variable in an experiment for which the researcher chooses values |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable the researcher measures to determine the effect of the IV |
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Term
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Definition
| finding an effect of the IV on the DV when in reality no such effect exists |
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Term
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Definition
| failing to find an effect of the IV on the DV when in reality an effect does exist |
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Term
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Definition
| a nuisance variable that varies non randomly with the IV |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation for a phenomenon that can be falsified and involves entities that can't be directly observed |
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Term
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Definition
| A tentative statement about the possible relationship between observable phenomenon |
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Term
| If the question asks you to find the variance, you should use: |
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Definition
| Between subjects Variance test |
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Term
| If the question asks you to find means, is within subjects, and has 2 IV levels, use: |
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Definition
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Term
| If the question asks you to find Means, is within subjects, and has more than 2 IV levels use: |
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Definition
| within subjects one-way anova |
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Term
| If the question asks you to find means, is between subjects, has one IV with 2 levels use: |
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Definition
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Term
| If the question asks you to find means, is between subjects, has one IV with more than 2 levels use |
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Definition
| Between subjects one way anova |
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Term
| if the question asks you to find means, is between subjects, and has two or more Independed Variables, use which test? |
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Definition
| between subjects factorial anova |
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Term
| The types of quasi-experiments (4) |
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Definition
Single group pretest-postest
Interrupted time series
Ex-post facto
Non-equivalent before-after |
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Term
| The types of single-subject designs (3) |
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Definition
reversal Design
multiple baseline design
multiple element design |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the effects of one IV on the DV change depending on the level of another IV |
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Term
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Definition
| an IV whose levels were chosen non-randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| an IV whose levels were chosen randomly from a population of possible values |
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Term
| Response Acquiesence effect |
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Definition
| The tendency of subjects to respond "yes" to questions they have thought little about |
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Term
| Four ethical principles when conducting psychological research |
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Definition
- gains outweigh any harm done
- subjects should agree to participate
- subjects should not be coerced into participation
- subject data should be confidential |
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Term
| Two advantages of Non-parametric statistics: |
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Definition
-Less restrictive assumptions are required to utilize
- they are often easier to calculate than parametric tests |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Non-parametric statistics: |
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Definition
-Tend to be overly conservative
-No non-parametrics exist for some research designs (ex. factorial designs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Statistical tests that require assumptions about the distribution of the DV in order to obtain correct p-values |
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Term
| Stratified random sample: |
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Definition
| occurs when the total population is divided into demographic groups, and then members of each group are randomly selected |
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Term
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Definition
| Every member of the population is listed, and members are then randomly selected for questioning |
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Term
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Definition
natural groups are randomly selected,
then members from each group are randomly selected for questioning |
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Term
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Definition
| is the sampling of individuals who are readily available without regard to their characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Sampling in which people are selected on the basis of prespecified characteristics so that the total will have the same distribution of characteristics as the population |
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Term
| What is the best use of surveys? |
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Definition
| to compare the changes in responses over time, or across different demographic groups. |
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Term
| A margin of error indicates: |
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Definition
| that there is a 95% likelihood that if the survey were conducted on the entire population exactly as it was on the sample, the results would be within the margin of error |
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Term
Which part of an APA paper contains:
Title, authors, and affiliations? What page is it on? |
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Definition
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Term
which part of an APA paper contains:
a one paragraph summary of the article (which includes the problem under investigation, the subjeccts studied, the research methods used, and the findings and conclusions) What page is it on? |
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Definition
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Term
Which part of an APA paper contains:
the purpose (which introduces the problem, reviews previous literature, and states the purpose and rationale of the reported research)? What page is it on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of an APA paper contains: the recipe for replicating the reported research |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of an APA paper contains: the reporting of the data collected in the research (includes graphs and statistical results) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of an APA paper relates the results of the research to the research question posed in the introduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| When an article is "In Press" that indicates: |
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Definition
| the status of an article that has been accepted for publication, but which has not yet appeared in the journal |
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Term
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Definition
| a typeset copy of the article that is sent to the author for final approval |
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Term
| How does the Nuremberg code and the APA code of ethics in experimentation differ? |
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Definition
| APA code allows for certain forms of deciet or coercion |
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Term
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Definition
| research in which data is collected by directly asking subjects questions |
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Term
| factors to consider when evaluating polls (at least 3/8) : |
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Definition
1. Bias in choosing the sample
2. Lack of full disclosure when reporting the results
3. Lying by poll respondents
4. Non-respondents influencing the sample
5. Characteristics of the poll taker
6. Type of question asked: Open vs. Closed
7. Wording of the questions
8. Question order |
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Term
| Mathematical relationship between t and F distributions: |
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Definition
At any alpha:
(t(x))2 = F(1,x) |
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