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Definition
- research based on his own three children
- found that from infancy we have a basic instinctual drive to make sense of the world; active vs. passive displacement
- schemas, adaptation, assimilation, accomodation
believed cognitive change was an internal process
- created the 4 primary stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational |
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Term
| What are the four primary stages (and their sub-stages) of cognitive development, according to Piaget, and at what ages do they occur? |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor
-reflexes (birth-1 month), primary circular reactions (2-4 mos), secondary circular reactions (4-8 mos), coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 mos), tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mos), symbolic problem solving (18-21 mos)
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
- precomceptual (2-4 yrs), intuitive (4-7 yrs)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs)
4. Formal Operational (11+ yrs) |
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Term
| Vygotsky --> major contributions |
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Definition
- developmental theorist who believed that higher order mental activities begin with one's social behavior and then are internalized
- socio-cultural perspective: sensory and perceptual abilities at birth are transformed by culture into more complex forms
- Key Points: guided participation, ZPD, scaffolding, social interactions, language-driven development |
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| Thomas & Chess --> contributions? |
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Definition
| - created the nine dimentions of the model of temperament, clustering children into "easy," "difficult," or "slow-to-warm-up" children |
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| Mary Rothbart --> Contributions? |
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Definition
| - devised a model of temperament based on reactivity and self-regulation, including three underlying dimensions of temperament: emotion, attention, and action |
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| Rene Spitz --> contributions |
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Definition
| (1945) studied institutionalized infants in Eastern Europe between the ages of 3 and 12 months and their types of attachment (i.e. failure to thrive, need for physical touch) |
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Definition
| (1959) conducted the famous wire-mesh "mother" monkey experiment to study the development of attachment and the need for food vs. physical touch --> comfort vs. feeding |
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Definition
| (1969) studied bonding, and developed the "attachment theory"; instinctual responses that are important for protection and survival of the species --> infant is only capable of bonding with one caregiver; stages of separation |
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Definition
Late 1980s: studied the beginnings of temperament
- yes, it is biological, but there is a behavioral inhibition component too
- heightened response to novelty
- devised the "goodness of fit" model |
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Term
| Ainsworth --> contributions |
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Definition
Studied the following theories and hypothesis using the Strange Situation
- Secure Base Phenomenon (and social referencing): different levels of exploration, looking back at parents
- Caregiver hypothesis: attachment quality depends on the quality of the attention the infant receivs
- Stranger Anxiety: begins with first attachment and peaks at 8-10 months
- Separation Anxiety: begins at 6-8 months, peaks at 14-18 months, another surge at 7-8 years |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's theory: process of building schemas through direct interaction with the environment; includes assimilation and accomodation |
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Term
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Definition
| world interpreted through existing schemas; focus on similarities and incorporating information into existing schemas |
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Definition
| schemas changed or developed to fit in new information; focus on differences, i.e. mailman and lion instead of daddy and kitty cat |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| in Vygotsky's theory: a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but that are possible with the help of an adult |
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Term
| guided learning vs. guided participation |
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Definition
| guided participation is the shared endeavors and active participation in culturally relevant activities beside a more skilled partner, whereas guided learning is...? |
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Definition
| a coherent understanding of people as mental beings, which children revise as they encounter new evidence --> the ability to take the perspective of someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| infant-directed speech: language aimed at infant's innate experience; preference for high-pitched voices, moving faces, universal tendency for parents and siblings to tailor speech (both in complexity and length) to the age of the child |
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Definition
adult responses that elaborate on the children's speech, increasing its complexity
i.e. "Doggie go" --> "Yes, the dog is scared of the loud car" |
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Term
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Definition
parent or caregiver response to a child's grammatically incorrect utterance with a grammatically correct, yet identical statement
i.e. "Doggie go" --> "Yes, the dog is going away" |
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Definition
| early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation; refers to variation in quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor action. Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity |
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Definition
a state in which child and caregiver attend to the same object or event and the caregiver labels what the child sees to contribute to language development
- prododeclarative vs. prodoimperative |
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Term
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Definition
| relying on another person's emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situaiton |
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Definition
| expression of fear in response to unfamiliar adults, which appears in many babies in the second half of the first year |
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Definition
| an infant's distressed reaction to the departure of a familiar caregiver |
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Definition
| the strong, affectionate tie that humans have with special people in their lives which leads them to feel pleasure when interacting with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress |
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Term
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Definition
| habituation events vs. expected/test events --> seeing which object the children look at longer or testing EEG activity; 5-9 month olds engaged in predictive tracking of a ball; not until 14 months can they infer that the hand deposited objects underneath a cloth |
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Term
| Piaget vs. Vygotsky's theories |
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Definition
Piaget's cognitive development theory is a constructivist approach to cog dev because he viewed children as discovering or constructing virtually all knowledge about their world through their own activity.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasized the importance of social and cultural contexts in cognitive development |
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Term
| Different forms of language |
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Definition
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Term
What are the five stages of language development and their age ranges?
Bonus: onset & function of each? |
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Definition
1. Crying (0-2 mos)
2. Cooing (2-4 mos)
3. Babbling (4-7 mos)
4. Holophrasic period (10-12 mos)
5. Telegraphic Speech (18-24 mos) |
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| What are the three major theories of language development? |
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Definition
| learning perspective, nativist perspective, social interactionist perspective |
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Term
| What are three main strategies for language development? |
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Definition
1. mutual activities (i.e. non-linguistic games, reading, joint attention)
2. recasting
3. expansion |
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Term
| Name and describe the three main categories of temperament |
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Definition
1. Easy Children (40%)
- even tempered, "regular", open
- respond positively and are adaptable to new situations
2. Difficult Children (10%)
- active, irritable, irregular habits, respond negative to new situations
3. Slow-To-Warm-Up Children (15%)
- inactive, moody, slow to respond to new people/situations, respond to novelty mildly |
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Term
| What are the four main types of attachment? |
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Definition
1. Secure Attachment (65-70%)
2. Anxious/Resistant (10-15%)
3. Anxious/Avoidant (15%)
4. Disorganized (15%) |
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Term
| List the four stages of attachment and their age ranges |
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Definition
1. Asocial (birth-6 weeks)
2. Indiscriminate (6 weeks - 6 or 8 months)
3. Specific (6-8 months - 1.5 to 2 years)
4. Multiple (begins just after primary specific attachment if formed; virtually all children have multiple attachment by 18 months) |
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Term
| List the four types of sociometric categories of children |
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Definition
| popular, rejected, controversial, neglected |
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Term
| List Parten's six types of play |
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Definition
| USOPAC: unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, cooperative |
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Term
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Definition
- explores the environment
- uses caregiver as a secure base
- may be upset when caregiver departs, but is easily soothed upon return
- greet caregiver warmly upon return |
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Term
| Insecure: anxious/resistant attachment |
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Definition
- stays close to caregiver
- explores very little
- very distressed when caregiver leaves, angry and resistant upon their return
- may be difficult to console
- wary of strangers |
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Term
| Insecure: anxious/avoidant attachment |
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Definition
- little distress with the departure and return of caregiver
- ignores caregiver even when eliciting attaention
- may or may not be sociable with strangers
- behavior doesn't seem to show anxiety but physiologically they are exhibiting anxiousness |
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Term
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Definition
- not sure now to respond to caregiver
- may freeze when reunited
- may approach but then refuse contact
- seek comfort but expresses anger and refuses comfort offered
- difficult temperament
- disorganized, mixed responses |
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