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PSYCH 260 MIDTERM 1
PSCYH 260
178
Psychology
Not Applicable
09/02/2004

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Term
Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Brain? What decade was noted as such?
Definition
President George HW Bush. 1990-1999
Term
The discipline of physiological psychology focuses on…
Definition
the brain-behavior process.
Term
Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Behavior? What decade was noted as such?
Definition
President Bill Clinton. 2000-2010
Term
What is significant about designating a decade?
Definition
Designating a decade means increased federal support and funding for the specific designation.
Term
What disciplines does the field of physiological psychology blend together?
Definition
- Nero psychology
- Nero anatomy
- Psychology
- Biochemistry
- Bioengineering
- Physics
Term
Research term: generalization
Definition
Using a conclusion to determe how it can be applied in other circumstances.
Term
Research term: reduction
Definition
The basic and most elementary explanation for a phenomenon.
Term
Saying that someone is depressed due to a decrease in serotonin, or a decrease of norepinephrine, or due to a situation is an example of what research term?
Definition
Reduction
Term
True or False: Egyptians were the first to think highly of the human brain?
Definition
False. It was common to dispose of the brain before a person was mummified.
Term
Who is credited with categorizing living organisms as having a vegetative mind, a perceptual mind, and a rational mind?
Definition
Aristotle
Term
According to Aristotle, what mind is able to grow, repair itself, and reproduce?
Definition
Vegetative mind.
Term
According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to detect a difference in stimulations?
Definition
Perceptual mind.
Term
According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to think, understand, and evaluate?
Definition
Rational mind.
Term
According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a plant have?
Definition
Vegetative mind.
Term
According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does an animal have?
Definition
Perceptual mind.
Term
According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a human have?
Definition
Rational mind.
Term
Who is credited with suggesting the mind is like a hydraulic unit, or a "hydraulic model"?
Definition
Rene Descarte
Term
Rene Descarte would say that a person's movement could be attributed to what?
Definition
Animating spirts.
Term
True or False: Rene Descarte was a monist?
Definition
False. He was a dualist.
Term
Would today's physiologists would be considered a dualist or a monist?
Definition
Monist.
Term
Who is more likely to hold the belief that the mind and body are separate entities, dualists or monists?
Definition
Dualists.
Term
According the Descarte, where did the brain and the body once exist?
Definition
Pineal gland.
Term
What term best describes a fundamental action that people are born with, requires no thought to execute, and is initiated from intake of stimulus?
Definition
Reflexes.
Term
Who is credited with the discovery of reflexes?
Definition
Rene Descarte.
Term
Who first discovered that muscles will contract if exposed to electrical current?
Definition
Luigi Galvani.
Term
The work of what scientist can be seen in Mary Shelly's Frankenstien?
Definition
Luigi Galvani.
Term
Who is noted for the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies?
Definition
Johannes Muller
Term
If you were hit in the head by a major league fastball, what scientist could best explain why you would see stars?
Definition
Johannes Muller. He suggested that specific nerves produced specific sensations.
Term
What is the term used to describe the intentional destruction of the brain?
Definition
Ablation
Term
Which scientist would destroy a part of the brain in order to determine what bodiliy fuction would no longer work?
Definition
Pierre Florens.
Term
Paul Broca pinpointed the part of the brain that controlls what function?
Definition
Language.
Term
According to Broca, in what hemisphere is the language part of the brain?
Definition
Left.
Term
Which scientists used electrical stimulation of a dog's brain to determine that simulation on the left side of the brain correlated with a movement of the right side of the body?
Definition
Fritch and Hitzig
Term
Simulating one side of the brain to observe movement on the opposite side of the body is known as...
Definition
Contralateral
Term
What scientist researched the speed at which neurons travel?
Definition
Herman von Helmholtz.
Term
True or false: Von Helmholtz discovered that neurons traveled at the speed of light?
Definition
False. He discovered that neurons traveled at a rate slower than the speed of light.
Term
Who is credited with the theory of audition?
Definition
Von Helmholtz.
Term
Who is credited with the theory of color vision?
Definition
Von Helmholtz.
Term
True or false: Darwin suggested that traits are functionally significant.
Definition
True.
Term
How are humans unique from other animals?
Definition
- Tool making
- Communication
- The ability to walk upright (bipedal)
Term
Neoteny
Definition
The process of maturation, allowing more time for youth.
Term
What is the general idea of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies?
Definition
Different nevers allow various parts of the brain to preceive different messages (ie: vision, hearing, taste, smell, feel) when stimulated by electricity.
Term
What are the goals of scientific research?
Definition
Explain, predict, and control behavior.
Term
What is the smallest, most basic part of the nervous system?
Definition
Neuron
Term
How are neurons classified?
Definition
Neurons are either anatomical or functional.
Term
List three types of functional neurons.
Definition
Sensory,interneuron, motor
Term
List three types of anatomical neurons.
Definition
Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Term
What is the function of the sensory neuron?
Definition
Used to detect sight, taste, touch, sound and odor.
Term
What is the function of the interneuron?
Definition
Relay information from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.
Term
What is the function of the motor neuron?
Definition
Causes muscles to contract.
Term
What is the function of the unipolar neuron?
Definition
Send messages from parts of the body to the brain which convey information about touch, heat, smell etc.
Term
What is the function of the bipolar neuron?
Definition
Act as receptor cells in some of the sense organs such as the eyes or nose.
Term
What is the function of multipolar neurons?
Definition
Mainly used in motor processes.
Term
Name the below neurons: [image]
Definition
A) unipolar neuron B) bipolar neuron C) multipolar neuron
Term
What are the primary roles of the brain?
Definition
1)movement: behavior 2) interpret: sensory perception
Term
What is the function of a neuron's dendrites?
Definition
Receive information
Term
What is the function of a neuron's soma?
Definition
Regulates life processes.
Term
What is the function of a neuron's axon?
Definition
Sends/conducts impulses and transports substances.
Term
True or false: The axon can only send information one way?
Definition
False. The axon can send information from the soma to the terminal bud (anterograde) and from the terminal bud to the soma (retrograde).
Term
What part of the neuron does the myelin sheath cover?
Definition
Axon
Term
What advantage does a myelinated axon have?
Definition
Faster neuroconduction
Term
What is the name of the space between a dendrite and a terminal button?
Definition
Synaptic clef
Term
What part of the neuron contains neurotransmitter substances?
Definition
Vesicles
Term
No question. For Reference Only. [image]
Definition
No Answer.
Term
What is the axon hillock?
Definition
A junction between the soma and the axon.
Term
The dendrites processes _______ signals, while the axon processes ________ signals.
Definition
chemical, electrical
Term
Signals that run from the soma to the terminal bud is called...
Definition
anterograde movement.
Term
Substances that run from the terminal bud to the soma is called...
Definition
retrograde movement.
Term
True or False: Impulses can transfer when channels are open?
Definition
True. Impulses do not transfer when channels are closed.
Term
How many milliseconds does it take for the brain to react during the withdraw reflex?
Definition
Zero. The withdraw reflex does not require any thinking. Signals are processed through the spinal cord.
Term
How can new pathways be developed in the brain?
Definition
By doing the same thing in different ways.
Term
What is the general path of the withdraw reflex?
Definition
Sensory-----> interneuron-----> motor neuron------> muscle
Term
Where is the withdraw reflex be inhibited?
Definition
Between the motor neuron and the muscle.
Term
Name the three supporting cells.
Definition
Microglia, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes
Term
What cells help in repairing damaged neurons in the CNS?
Definition
astroglia
Term
What astrocyte helps in the repair of neurons?
Definition
Phagocytes
Term
How does the astrocyte know where the injury is?
Definition
A chemical is released signaling the astrocytes to the location.
Term
What is the function of the oligodendroglia cells?
Definition
Produce myelin for neurons in the CNS.
Term
What is the function of the Schwann cells?
Definition
Produce myelin for neurons in the PNS.
Term
What cells produce myelin in the CNS?
Definition
oligodendroglia cells
Term
What cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
The ________ cells myelinate several cells at a time while the ___________ cells myelinate one cell at a time.
Definition
oligodendroglia, Schwann
Term
What is the function of the microglia cells?
Definition
First responders to injury. (Within 20-30 minutes).
Term
What cells are considered to be the first responders to an injury?
Definition
microglia
Term
Myein is ___% lipid and ____% protein
Definition
80, 20
Term
What cells aid in the clean up and reinnervation of neurons in the PNS?
Definition
microglia
Term
Other than organic sources, where do the gangliosides that are used in spinal cord repair come from?
Definition
cows
Term
What is the function of the blood brain barrier?
Definition
To prevent toxins in the blood stream from entering the brain and to prevent toxins in the brain from entering the blood stream.
Term
What is the function of the area postrema?
Definition
To induce a vomiting response so as to rid the body of toxins.
Term
Would a lipid soluble or a water soluble compound be more likely to reach the brain?
Definition
Lipid soluble.
Term
Where would channels be found on a neuron?
Definition
On the axon in between the nodes of Ranvier.
Term
What is the electrical charge of a neuron at rest
Definition
-70 mv
Term
What is a negative charge called?
Definition
anions
Term
What is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration?
Definition
diffusion
Term
What is the goal of diffusion?
Definition
equalibrium
Term
What is the term used to describe the moving of a force through a membrane to achieve equilibrium?
Definition
osmosis
Term
The inside of the axon hold a _____ charge while the outside holds a ____ charge.
Definition
negative, positive
Term
What is the term used to achieve equalibrium based on electrical charge?
Definition
electrostatic pressure
Term
What are the chemicals on the inside of a neuron?
Definition
proteins (A-), potasium (K+)
Term
What are the chemicals in the outside of a neuron?
Definition
Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-)
Term
What is the function of the proteins (A-) in the neuron?
Definition
Keeps the potassium (K+) in side the neuron.
Term
Why does the protein stay inside the neuron?
Definition
It's too big to pass through the channels.
Term
Why does K+ stay inside the neuron?
Definition
1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure
Term
Why does chloride stay outside of the neuron?
Definition
1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure
Term
How does sodium Na+ enter into the neuron?
Definition
Through the Na+/K+ pump.
Term
What is the power source of the Na+/K+ pump?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is the job of the axon hillock?
Definition
Releases a signal when the neuron's threshold has been reached.
Term
What is the job of the axon hillock?
Definition
Determines when the threshold has been reached.
Term
What is the job of the axon hillock?
Definition
Determines when the threshold has been reached.
Term
What is the first channel to open once the charge has been released from the axon hillock?
Definition
sodium channel
Term
What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron?
Definition
depolarization
Term
What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron?
Definition
depolarization
Term
What is the charge of an ion when it becomes depolarized?
Definition
+50 mv
Term
What is the charge of the neuron when the potassium channels open?
Definition
-80 mv
Term
What is the term used to describe the increase of negative ions inside the neuron after the potassium leaves the neuron?
Definition
Hyper polarization
Term
True or False. If the signal that is released from the axon hillock is not strong enough, the signal will die out and the neuron will not fire.
Definition
False. The neuron has an all or nothing firing mechanism. As long as the signal meets the minimum strength, it will fire.
Term
What is the most important determinant when determining the minimum threshold of a neuron?
Definition
Sodium ions.
Term
What is the charge of a neuron when it is rid of sodium ions and potasium ions have returned?
Definition
-70 mv
Term
What is the name of the scientists that determined sodium and potassium were critical in a neuron's functioning?
Definition
Hodgkin-Huxley, Hodgkin-Huxley
Term
True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the absolute refractory period.
Definition
False. No other action potential can occur at this time.
Term
True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the relative refractory period.
Definition
True.
Term
[image] Where is the absolute refractory period on this graph?
Definition
At the top of the curve in the dark green section.
Term
[image] Where is the relative refractory period on this graph?
Definition
At the bottom of the curve in the yellow section.
Term
What are the benefits of saltatory conduction?
Definition
Faster conduction and more energy efficient.
Term
How does a signal travel in a neuron that is myelinated?
Definition
It jumps from node to node.
Term
What are the characteristics of passive cable properties?
Definition
decremental conduction, no energy required
Term
True or False. The release of neurotransmitter is dependent on Chloride (Cl-) migration.
Definition
False. It is dependent on calcium (Ca++) migration.
Term
When speaking of receptors, a _______ response is indirect and slow while a _________ response is direct and fast acting.
Definition
metabatrobic, ionotrophic
Term
What receptor response is depends on a second messenger?
Definition
Metabatrobic
Term
What is the name of the second messenger in the metabatrobic response?
Definition
cAMP
Term
Because it is slower, the metabatrobic response can do what to the response?
Definition
Change it.
Term
What are two ways to get rid of excess neurotransmitter in a synapse?
Definition
Reuptake and enzymic
Term
What does SSRI stand for?
Definition
selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor.
Term
What would prevent the reuptake of a seritonin receptor?
Definition
selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Term
In regards to a the response of a neurotransmitter, an ________ is likely to be passed on while an ________ is not likely to be passed on.
Definition
EPSP, IPSP
Term
What is the acronym EPSP?
Definition
excititory synoptic potential depolarization
Term
What is the acronym IPSP?
Definition
inhibitory synoptic potential depolarization
Term
What molecules enter the neuron during EPSP?
Definition
sodium (Na+)
Term
What molecules leave the neuron during IPSP?
Definition
potassium
Term
Name two types of neural intergration.
Definition
temporal summation and spatial summation
Term
How does temoral summation operate?
Definition
The threshold of stimuli is added up in a brief amount of time.
Term
How does spatial summation operate?
Definition
The receiving neuron accepts neurtransmitter from more than one neuron.
Term
What is the Rate Law?
Definition
The more intense the stimulus, the higher the rate of firing.
Term
If you were sitting in a dark theater, what type of signal would the neurons in your eye be producing?
Definition
weak signal
Term
If you left a dark theater and entered a bright loby, what type of signal would the neurotransmitters in your eye be sending?
Definition
strong signal
Term
Route of administration: IP
Definition
intraperitoneal injection (abdominal)
Term
Route of administration: IM
Definition
intermuscular injection (muscle)
Term
Route of administration: SC
Definition
subcutaneous injection (under skin)
Term
Route of administration: oral
Definition
by mouth
Term
Route of administration: sublingual
Definition
mucus membrane (under tounge)
Term
Route of administration: intrarectal
Definition
posterior
Term
Route of administration: inhalation
Definition
through the nose
Term
Route of administration: topical
Definition
on the skin
Term
Route of administration: intracerebral
Definition
injection through the cerebral ventricle
Term
Route of administration: ICV
Definition
intracerebroventricular delliver antibotics directly to the brain
Term
What is the best way to measure the effectiveness of a drug?
Definition
Plot a dose-response curve
Term
Where would a dose be plotted that is effective, yet not toxic?
Definition
Between the lines of therapeutic effect and toxicity on the dose response curve.
Term
Would you have to worry more about over dosing with a drug that has a high therapeutic index or a low therapeutic index?
Definition
Low therapeutic index
Term
How is the therapeutic index found?
Definition
Divide the desired effect by the toxic effect.
Term
What would the therapeutic index be if the toxic dose was 25 and the effective dose was 5?
Definition
Five
Term
The effectiveness of a drug depends on __________ and ______________.
Definition
different cites of action, the affinity of the drug
Term
How well a drug attaches to a receptor is know as what?
Definition
The affinity of the drug.
Term
Drugs that are most desirable are ones that have high _________ and need to be taken in low ________.
Definition
affinity, doses
Term
What is it called when one needs to take more of a drug to achieve the same effect that was gained while taking the drug at a lower level.
Definition
Tolerance
Term
What are two effects of associated with tolerance?
Definition
Sensitization and withdrawal symptoms
Term
Taking drugs causes your brain to constantly ___________ and _________.
Definition
change, adjust
Term
True or False: Since a placebo does not alter a person's chemistry, it is safe to say that it does not have an effect on people.
Definition
False. The belief that a placebo is working may change a person's physiology.
Term
The effectiveness of a placebo illustrates...
Definition
the power of the mind.
Term
What types of a agents facilitate the action of a neurotransmitter?
Definition
Agonists
Term
What types of a agents inhibit the action of a neurotransmitter?
Definition
antagonists
Term
What are the four criteria of a neurotransmitter?
Definition
Produce presynaptic response; released upon stimulation; produce effective post synapse (IPSP/EPSP), has a mechanism of termination
Term
The drug MDMA is better known as...
Definition
extacy.
Term
Visual impairments, distortion, thermo change, problems in learning and manual dexterity, depression and anxiety are effects associated with what drug?
Definition
MDMA (extacy)
Term
What group is most likely to use the drug extacy?
Definition
High school seniors.
Term
A neuron's category as either excitatory or inhibitory is based on...
Definition
the actions on target organs.
Term
Enzymes normally end in what suffix?
Definition
"ase"
Term
Why would LSD be able to penetrate the blood brain barrier?
Definition
It is highly lipid.
Term
What generally happens when a person's dopamine (DA) level drops to 20%?
Definition
Parkinson's disease.
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