Term
| Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Brain? What decade was noted as such? |
|
Definition
| President George HW Bush. 1990-1999 |
|
|
Term
| The discipline of physiological psychology focuses on… |
|
Definition
| the brain-behavior process. |
|
|
Term
| Who is known for the proclamation of the Decade of the Behavior? What decade was noted as such? |
|
Definition
| President Bill Clinton. 2000-2010 |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about designating a decade? |
|
Definition
| Designating a decade means increased federal support and funding for the specific designation. |
|
|
Term
| What disciplines does the field of physiological psychology blend together? |
|
Definition
- Nero psychology
- Nero anatomy
- Psychology
- Biochemistry
- Bioengineering
- Physics |
|
|
Term
| Research term: generalization |
|
Definition
| Using a conclusion to determe how it can be applied in other circumstances. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic and most elementary explanation for a phenomenon. |
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Term
| Saying that someone is depressed due to a decrease in serotonin, or a decrease of norepinephrine, or due to a situation is an example of what research term? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Egyptians were the first to think highly of the human brain? |
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Definition
| False. It was common to dispose of the brain before a person was mummified. |
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|
Term
| Who is credited with categorizing living organisms as having a vegetative mind, a perceptual mind, and a rational mind? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what mind is able to grow, repair itself, and reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to detect a difference in stimulations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind is able to think, understand, and evaluate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a plant have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does an animal have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Aristotle, what kind of a mind does a human have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited with suggesting the mind is like a hydraulic unit, or a "hydraulic model"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Rene Descarte would say that a person's movement could be attributed to what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Rene Descarte was a monist? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Would today's physiologists would be considered a dualist or a monist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is more likely to hold the belief that the mind and body are separate entities, dualists or monists? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According the Descarte, where did the brain and the body once exist? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What term best describes a fundamental action that people are born with, requires no thought to execute, and is initiated from intake of stimulus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited with the discovery of reflexes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who first discovered that muscles will contract if exposed to electrical current? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The work of what scientist can be seen in Mary Shelly's Frankenstien? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is noted for the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If you were hit in the head by a major league fastball, what scientist could best explain why you would see stars? |
|
Definition
| Johannes Muller. He suggested that specific nerves produced specific sensations. |
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|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the intentional destruction of the brain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which scientist would destroy a part of the brain in order to determine what bodiliy fuction would no longer work? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Paul Broca pinpointed the part of the brain that controlls what function? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Broca, in what hemisphere is the language part of the brain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which scientists used electrical stimulation of a dog's brain to determine that simulation on the left side of the brain correlated with a movement of the right side of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simulating one side of the brain to observe movement on the opposite side of the body is known as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What scientist researched the speed at which neurons travel? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Von Helmholtz discovered that neurons traveled at the speed of light? |
|
Definition
| False. He discovered that neurons traveled at a rate slower than the speed of light. |
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|
Term
| Who is credited with the theory of audition? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is credited with the theory of color vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: Darwin suggested that traits are functionally significant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are humans unique from other animals? |
|
Definition
- Tool making
- Communication
- The ability to walk upright (bipedal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of maturation, allowing more time for youth. |
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|
Term
| What is the general idea of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies? |
|
Definition
| Different nevers allow various parts of the brain to preceive different messages (ie: vision, hearing, taste, smell, feel) when stimulated by electricity. |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of scientific research? |
|
Definition
| Explain, predict, and control behavior. |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest, most basic part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are neurons classified? |
|
Definition
| Neurons are either anatomical or functional. |
|
|
Term
| List three types of functional neurons. |
|
Definition
| Sensory,interneuron, motor |
|
|
Term
| List three types of anatomical neurons. |
|
Definition
| Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the sensory neuron? |
|
Definition
| Used to detect sight, taste, touch, sound and odor. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the interneuron? |
|
Definition
| Relay information from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the motor neuron? |
|
Definition
| Causes muscles to contract. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the unipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
| Send messages from parts of the body to the brain which convey information about touch, heat, smell etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
| Act as receptor cells in some of the sense organs such as the eyes or nose. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of multipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
| Mainly used in motor processes. |
|
|
Term
| Name the below neurons:
[image] |
|
Definition
| A) unipolar neuron B) bipolar neuron C) multipolar neuron |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary roles of the brain? |
|
Definition
| 1)movement: behavior 2) interpret: sensory perception |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a neuron's dendrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a neuron's soma? |
|
Definition
| Regulates life processes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a neuron's axon? |
|
Definition
| Sends/conducts impulses and transports substances. |
|
|
Term
| True or false: The axon can only send information one way? |
|
Definition
| False. The axon can send information from the soma to the terminal bud (anterograde) and from the terminal bud to the soma (retrograde). |
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron does the myelin sheath cover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What advantage does a myelinated axon have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the space between a dendrite and a terminal button? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the neuron contains neurotransmitter substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No question. For Reference Only.
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| A junction between the soma and the axon. |
|
|
Term
| The dendrites processes _______ signals, while the axon processes ________ signals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signals that run from the soma to the terminal bud is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances that run from the terminal bud to the soma is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Impulses can transfer when channels are open? |
|
Definition
| True. Impulses do not transfer when channels are closed. |
|
|
Term
| How many milliseconds does it take for the brain to react during the withdraw reflex? |
|
Definition
| Zero. The withdraw reflex does not require any thinking. Signals are processed through the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| How can new pathways be developed in the brain? |
|
Definition
| By doing the same thing in different ways. |
|
|
Term
| What is the general path of the withdraw reflex? |
|
Definition
| Sensory-----> interneuron-----> motor neuron------> muscle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the withdraw reflex be inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Between the motor neuron and the muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Name the three supporting cells. |
|
Definition
| Microglia, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What cells help in repairing damaged neurons in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What astrocyte helps in the repair of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the astrocyte know where the injury is? |
|
Definition
| A chemical is released signaling the astrocytes to the location. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the oligodendroglia cells? |
|
Definition
| Produce myelin for neurons in the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Schwann cells? |
|
Definition
| Produce myelin for neurons in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells produce myelin in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ cells myelinate several cells at a time while the ___________ cells myelinate one cell at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the microglia cells? |
|
Definition
| First responders to injury. (Within 20-30 minutes). |
|
|
Term
| What cells are considered to be the first responders to an injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myein is ___% lipid and ____% protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells aid in the clean up and reinnervation of neurons in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than organic sources, where do the gangliosides that are used in spinal cord repair come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| To prevent toxins in the blood stream from entering the brain and to prevent toxins in the brain from entering the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the area postrema? |
|
Definition
| To induce a vomiting response so as to rid the body of toxins. |
|
|
Term
| Would a lipid soluble or a water soluble compound be more likely to reach the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would channels be found on a neuron? |
|
Definition
| On the axon in between the nodes of Ranvier. |
|
|
Term
| What is the electrical charge of a neuron at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a negative charge called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the moving of a force through a membrane to achieve equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The inside of the axon hold a _____ charge while the outside holds a ____ charge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to achieve equalibrium based on electrical charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chemicals on the inside of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| proteins (A-), potasium (K+) |
|
|
Term
| What are the chemicals in the outside of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the proteins (A-) in the neuron? |
|
Definition
| Keeps the potassium (K+) in side the neuron. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the protein stay inside the neuron? |
|
Definition
| It's too big to pass through the channels. |
|
|
Term
| Why does K+ stay inside the neuron? |
|
Definition
| 1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Why does chloride stay outside of the neuron? |
|
Definition
| 1) force of diffusion 2) force of electrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| How does sodium Na+ enter into the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the power source of the Na+/K+ pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the job of the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| Releases a signal when the neuron's threshold has been reached. |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| Determines when the threshold has been reached. |
|
|
Term
| What is the job of the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
| Determines when the threshold has been reached. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first channel to open once the charge has been released from the axon hillock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the increase of positive ions inside the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the charge of an ion when it becomes depolarized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the charge of the neuron when the potassium channels open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the increase of negative ions inside the neuron after the potassium leaves the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False. If the signal that is released from the axon hillock is not strong enough, the signal will die out and the neuron will not fire. |
|
Definition
| False. The neuron has an all or nothing firing mechanism. As long as the signal meets the minimum strength, it will fire. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important determinant when determining the minimum threshold of a neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the charge of a neuron when it is rid of sodium ions and potasium ions have returned? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the scientists that determined sodium and potassium were critical in a neuron's functioning? |
|
Definition
| Hodgkin-Huxley, Hodgkin-Huxley |
|
|
Term
| True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the absolute refractory period. |
|
Definition
| False. No other action potential can occur at this time. |
|
|
Term
| True or false. If a charge is strong enough, a neuron can synapse during the relative refractory period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [image]
Where is the absolute refractory period on this graph? |
|
Definition
| At the top of the curve in the dark green section. |
|
|
Term
| [image]
Where is the relative refractory period on this graph? |
|
Definition
| At the bottom of the curve in the yellow section. |
|
|
Term
| What are the benefits of saltatory conduction? |
|
Definition
| Faster conduction and more energy efficient. |
|
|
Term
| How does a signal travel in a neuron that is myelinated? |
|
Definition
| It jumps from node to node. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of passive cable properties? |
|
Definition
| decremental conduction, no energy required |
|
|
Term
| True or False. The release of neurotransmitter is dependent on Chloride (Cl-) migration. |
|
Definition
| False. It is dependent on calcium (Ca++) migration. |
|
|
Term
| When speaking of receptors, a _______ response is indirect and slow while a _________ response is direct and fast acting. |
|
Definition
| metabatrobic, ionotrophic |
|
|
Term
| What receptor response is depends on a second messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the second messenger in the metabatrobic response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because it is slower, the metabatrobic response can do what to the response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ways to get rid of excess neurotransmitter in a synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does SSRI stand for? |
|
Definition
| selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor. |
|
|
Term
| What would prevent the reuptake of a seritonin receptor? |
|
Definition
| selective seritonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) |
|
|
Term
| In regards to a the response of a neurotransmitter, an ________ is likely to be passed on while an ________ is not likely to be passed on. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the acronym EPSP? |
|
Definition
| excititory synoptic potential depolarization |
|
|
Term
| What is the acronym IPSP? |
|
Definition
| inhibitory synoptic potential depolarization |
|
|
Term
| What molecules enter the neuron during EPSP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecules leave the neuron during IPSP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name two types of neural intergration. |
|
Definition
| temporal summation and spatial summation |
|
|
Term
| How does temoral summation operate? |
|
Definition
| The threshold of stimuli is added up in a brief amount of time. |
|
|
Term
| How does spatial summation operate? |
|
Definition
| The receiving neuron accepts neurtransmitter from more than one neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more intense the stimulus, the higher the rate of firing. |
|
|
Term
| If you were sitting in a dark theater, what type of signal would the neurons in your eye be producing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you left a dark theater and entered a bright loby, what type of signal would the neurotransmitters in your eye be sending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: IP |
|
Definition
| intraperitoneal injection (abdominal) |
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: IM |
|
Definition
| intermuscular injection (muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: SC |
|
Definition
| subcutaneous injection (under skin) |
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: oral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: sublingual |
|
Definition
| mucus membrane (under tounge) |
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: intrarectal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: inhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: topical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: intracerebral |
|
Definition
| injection through the cerebral ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Route of administration: ICV |
|
Definition
| intracerebroventricular delliver antibotics directly to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to measure the effectiveness of a drug? |
|
Definition
| Plot a dose-response curve |
|
|
Term
| Where would a dose be plotted that is effective, yet not toxic? |
|
Definition
| Between the lines of therapeutic effect and toxicity on the dose response curve. |
|
|
Term
| Would you have to worry more about over dosing with a drug that has a high therapeutic index or a low therapeutic index? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the therapeutic index found? |
|
Definition
| Divide the desired effect by the toxic effect. |
|
|
Term
| What would the therapeutic index be if the toxic dose was 25 and the effective dose was 5? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of a drug depends on __________ and ______________. |
|
Definition
| different cites of action, the affinity of the drug |
|
|
Term
| How well a drug attaches to a receptor is know as what? |
|
Definition
| The affinity of the drug. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that are most desirable are ones that have high _________ and need to be taken in low ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when one needs to take more of a drug to achieve the same effect that was gained while taking the drug at a lower level. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two effects of associated with tolerance? |
|
Definition
| Sensitization and withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Taking drugs causes your brain to constantly ___________ and _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Since a placebo does not alter a person's chemistry, it is safe to say that it does not have an effect on people. |
|
Definition
| False. The belief that a placebo is working may change a person's physiology. |
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of a placebo illustrates... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of a agents facilitate the action of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of a agents inhibit the action of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four criteria of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| Produce presynaptic response; released upon stimulation; produce effective post synapse (IPSP/EPSP), has a mechanism of termination |
|
|
Term
| The drug MDMA is better known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual impairments, distortion, thermo change, problems in learning and manual dexterity, depression and anxiety are effects associated with what drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group is most likely to use the drug extacy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A neuron's category as either excitatory or inhibitory is based on... |
|
Definition
| the actions on target organs. |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes normally end in what suffix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would LSD be able to penetrate the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What generally happens when a person's dopamine (DA) level drops to 20%? |
|
Definition
|
|
