Term
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Definition
Look at our own thoughts to observe mental processes.
Problems: Not verifiable, could differ between people, can't directly observe mind |
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Term
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Definition
Said that psychology should focus on observable behavior, not the mind.
Problems: Restricts science to observable, can't explain complex things like language, can't untrain animal instincts. |
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Term
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Definition
Says we can infer mental processes from stimuli and responses.
Problems: Relies on certain assumptions, mind is not directly observable. |
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Term
| Donder's Subtractive Method |
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Definition
By adding a mental stage to a known stage, we can determine how long each stage takes. Has 3 assumptions:
1. Pure insertion. Adding a stage will not affect previous stages.
2. Additivity. A stage does not begin until the previous stage ends.
3. Know all stages. Assume that you know all the mental stages.
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Term
Stages of perception:
- Distal stimulus
- Proximal stimulus
- Perceptual representation (Percept)
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Definition
- Distal stimulus is the object you are viewing.
- Proximal stimulus is the stimulation of the object on sensory receptor (e.g. retina).
- Percept is how our mind perceives the object we are viewing.
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Term
| Paradoxical Correspondance |
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Definition
When the distal object and perceptual representation do not match, but paradoxically, the perceptual representation matches the distal object.
Examples: Shape, color, size constancies. |
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Term
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Definition
When our perceptual representation does not match the distal object. The distal and proximal may or may not correspond.
Examples: All illusions are examples of lack of correspondance. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the anatomical steps of visual information from the eye to the brain? |
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Definition
| Rods & Cones --> Bipolar Cells --> Ganglion Cells --> LGN --> V1 (Occipital Lobe) --> Dorsal (Parietal Lobe) & Ventral (Temporal Lobe) Pathways |
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Term
| Characteristics of ganglionic M-cells and magnocelluar LGN cells |
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Definition
Transient response
Large receptive field
Respond to movement or location |
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Term
| Characteristics of ganglionic P-cells and parvocelluar LGN cells |
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Definition
Sustained firing
Small receptive fields
Respond to patterns/ color/ form |
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Term
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Definition
From Oliver Sack's The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat.
Problem with recognizing objects, even familiar objects (like his wife). Probably due to damage in temporal lobe --> Ventral/What Pathway |
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Term
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Definition
From the McCloskey article.
Patient could not localize objects, but could recognize them. Would often flip location along vertical or horizontal axis. Only affected vision. Damage to parietal cortex --> Dorsal/ Where Pathway. |
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Term
| Template Theory of Object Recognition |
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Definition
Says that we recognize objects by matching our perceptual representation to a stored representation in memory.
Problems: Transformations, Obstructed objects |
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Term
Feature Theory of Object Recognition
Description
Evidence
Problems |
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Definition
Perceptual representation is made up of list of basic features in object, and this list of features is matched to feature lists in memory.
Evidence : Visual system uses features, stablized retinal images, visual search experiment, caricatures
Problems: Relationships between features, natural objects,
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Term
Recognition By Components (RBC Theory)
Description
Steps
Evidence
Problems |
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Definition
Objects are recognized by detecting basic geometric shapes (geons) and matching these geons to memory.
Steps: Detecting basic features, detecting non-accidental properties, determine geons, match geons to memory
Evidence: Can still recognize degraded objects if nonacc. prop still visible, can quickly recognize even complex shapes, trouble recognizing objects in unusal viewpoints is difficult because can't detect geons.
Problems: Context
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Term
Signal Detection Theory
- What is sensitivity?
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Definition
Sensitivity is the ability to distinguish between noise and signal. Good sensitivity means you can accurately say whether the signal is present or absent.
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Term
Signal Detection trial types
- Signal is present and you respond 'yes'
- Signal is present and you respond 'no'
- Signal is absent and you respond 'yes'
- Signal is absent and you respond 'no'
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Definition
1. Hit
2. Miss
3. False alarm
4. Correct rejection |
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Term
| What is the word superiority effect? |
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Definition
| People are more accurate at identifying a letter that was briefly presented when the letter was presented in a word than when it was presented alone. |
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Term
| How does the interactive activation model explain the word superiority effect? |
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Definition
| When the letter was presented in a word, the correct letter receives bottom-up activatin from the feature layer and top-down activation from the word layer. When the letter was presented alone, it only receives bottom-up activation, so the correct letter may not be more activated than alternate letters. |
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Term
Focused Attention
Divided Attention |
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Definition
Focused attention (or selective attention) involves focusing attention on one item and ignoring irrelevant items.
Divided attention involves focusing attention on multiple sources of information.
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Term
| Auditory attention: What factors influence whether or not we attend to something? |
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Definition
- Location (easy when sources have different location)
- Meaning (easy when attended message has meaning)
- Physical characteristics (easy when sources have very different sounds, like male vs. female)
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Term
| Early selection model of attention |
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Definition
| We completely filter out the unattended message before conscious recognition of its meaning. |
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Term
| Treisman's Attenuator model of attention |
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Definition
| An early filter attenuates or weakens the strength of the unattended message, and the detector relies on meaning to determine whether or not to respond to the unattended message. |
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Term
| Late selection model of attention |
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Definition
| The unattended message is processed through conscious recognition, but a late filter stops the unattended message if it isn't relevant. |
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Term
| What did Shepard's studies of memory images show? |
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Definition
We can recognize a huge number of images with only short amounts of exposure.
We remember images much better than words. |
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Term
| When is visual memory poor? |
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Definition
When the details are unimportant or unattended.
When the images lack meaning.
When items are similar.
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Term
| What are the cognitive map heuristics? |
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Definition
- Right-angle bias (make angles 90 degrees)
- Symmetry (roads and river)
- Rotation (Further east: Reno or San Diego?)
- Alignment (Further north: Philly or Rome?)
- Relative position (Further North: Seattle or Montreal?)
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Term
| What is the proposition theory of imagery? |
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Definition
| We store representations of images with verbal descriptions. This verbal code can represent items in a scene in hierarchical arrangements (boat example). |
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Term
| What is the evidence for depictive theory over propositional? |
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Definition
- Perception and imagery can interfere.
- It takes longer to image greater distances.
- Similar to 2, image zooming.
- Mentally rotating an object takes longer with more rotation, just as if you were physically rotating it.
- Imagery and perception rely on overlapping brain regions.
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