Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people |
|
|
Term
| Sociocultural Perspective |
|
Definition
| The theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological predispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce |
|
|
Term
| Social Cognitive Perspective |
|
Definition
| A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in their natural state (including naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies, surveys, and psychological tests) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure for uncovering causal processes by systematically manipulating some aspect of a situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Error introduced into measurement when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors he or she does not expect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Examination of systematic data originally collected for other purposes (such as marriage licenses or arrest records) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables
EX: Scores with a positive correlation coefficient go up and down together (as with smoking and cancer). A negative correlation coefficient indicates that as one score increases, the other score decreases (as in the relationship between self-esteem and depression; as self-esteem increases, the rate of depression decreases). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable manipulated by the experimenter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variable measured by the experimenter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The practice of assigning participants to treatments so each person has an equal chance of being in any condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable
Ex: A soccer coach wanted to improve the team's playing ability, so he had them run two miles a day. At the same time the players decided to take vitamins. In two weeks the team was playing noticeably better, but the coach and players did not know whether it was from the running or the vitamins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A discussion of procedures, hypotheses, and participant reactions at the completion of the study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A desired outcome; something one wishes to achieve or accomplish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A high-level goal fundamental to social survival |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| THe process of consciously focusing on aspects of our environment to ourselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it's put into motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The self-control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The state of being easily activated, of making them ready for use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of imagining alternative, "might have been" versions of actual events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Our attitude toward ourselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process through which people come to know themselves by comparing their abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others |
|
|
Term
| Reflected Appraisal Process |
|
Definition
| The process through which people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process through which people observe their own behavior to infer internal characteristics such as traits, abilities, and attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process through which people select, monitor, and adjust their strategies in an attempt to control the impressions people form of us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process through which we try to control the impressions people form of us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An opportunity or threat provided by a situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A norm that defines what is commonly done in a situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The phenomenon in which people in a group misperceive the beliefs of others because everyone acts inconsistently with their beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A norm that describes what is commonly approved or disapproved in a situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which certain events are expected to occur in a particular sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A culture that socializes its memebers to think of themselves in terms of their relationships and as members of the larger social group, and to prioritize the concerns of their relationship partners and groups before their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a person and a situation are compatible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby a culture teaches its members about its beliefs, customs, habits, and language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of thinking about and making sense of oneself and others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When an initially inaccurate expectation leads to actions that cause the expectation to come true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The judgement that a person's behavior has been caused by an aspect of that person's personality |
|
|
Term
| Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error) |
|
Definition
| The tendency for observers to overestimate the causal influence of personality factors on behavior and to underestimate the causal role of situational influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental shortcut used to make a judgement |
|
|
Term
| Representativeness Heuristic |
|
Definition
Using our knowledge to make predictions of the characteristics of a group
o Ex: You don’t think someone is a professor because they are dressed casually and are talking casually to students because of your previous schema of what a professor looks like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental shortcut where we use info that is readily available/comes to mind easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others agree with us |
|
|
Term
| Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic |
|
Definition
We make judgments based on picking our an estimate or anchor and we adjust that estimate to either higher or lower
o Ex: when you’re estimating a check, you pick an anchor and adjust higher or lower from there based on how many drinks, meals, were ordered, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to take personal credit for our success and to blame external factors for our failures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theories designed to explain how people determine the causes of behavior |
|
|
Term
| Correspondent Inference Theory |
|
Definition
| The theory that proposes that people determine whether a behavior corresponds to an actor's internal disposition by asking whether the behavior was intended, the behavior's consequences were foreseeable, the behavior was freely chosen, and the behavior occurred despite countervailing forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that proposes that people determine the cause of an actor's behavior by assessing whether other people act in similar ways, the action behaves similarly in similar situations, and the actor behaves similarly across time in the same situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As we come up with more reasons why a person did something, the less likely we are confident why they did these things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
if an event occurs despite the presence of stronger forces
Ex: A person who gets a high grade in a university history examination may be considered clever. But if you are told that the person is only 16, you may well consider them extremely clever. And if they were already a professor, you would be singularly unimpressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process trough which we try to control the impressions people form of us; synonymous with impression management |
|
|
Term
| Dramaturgical Perspective |
|
Definition
| The perspective that much of social interaction can be thought of as play, with actors, performances, settings, scripts, props, roles and so forth |
|
|
Term
| Public Self-Consciousness |
|
Definition
| The tendency to have a chronic awareness of oneself as being in the public eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to be chronically concerned with one's public image and to adjust one's actions to fit the needs of the current situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attempt to get others to like us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problem of having to integrate two audience with opposing views at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attempt to get others to see us as competent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The behavior of withdrawing effort of creating obstacles to one's future successes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The desire to perform effectively |
|
|
Term
| Banking in Reflected Glory |
|
Definition
| The process of associating ourselves with successful, high-status others or events |
|
|
Term
| Cutting Off Reflected Failure |
|
Definition
| The process of distancing ourselves from unsuccessful, low-status others or events |
|
|
Term
| Theory of Planned Behavior |
|
Definition
| A theory of stating that the best predictor of a behavior is one's behavior intention which is influenced by one's attitude toward the specific behavior, the subjective norms regarding the behavior and one's perceived control over the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measurement that does not change a subject's responses while recording them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A theory that locates the most direct cause of persuasion in the self-talk of the persuasion target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An argument that challenges and opposes other arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A technique for increasing individuals' resistance to a strong argument by first giving them weak, easily defeated versions of it |
|
|
Term
| Dual Process Model of Persuasion |
|
Definition
| A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs- with and without much thought |
|
|
Term
| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
|
Definition
| A model of persuasive communication that holds that there are two routes to attitude change- the central route and the peripheral route |
|
|
Term
| Central Route to Persuasion |
|
Definition
| The way people are persuaded when they focus on the quality of the arguments in a message |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Route to Persuasion |
|
Definition
| The way people are persuaded when they focus on factors other that the quality of the arguments in a message, such as the number of arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to enjoy and engage in deliberative thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The principle that people will change their attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and actions to make them consistent with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heider's theory that people prefer harmony and consistency in their views of the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unpleasant state of psychological arousal resulting from an inconsistency within one's important attitudes, beliefs or behaviors |
|
|
Term
| Counterattitudinal Action |
|
Definition
| A behavior that is inconsistent with an exisiting attitude |
|
|
Term
| Postdecisional Dissonance |
|
Definition
| The conflict one feels about a decision that could possibly be wrong |
|
|
