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PSYCH 2301 Exam #3 Part 5
Ch. 11 of Psychology: Concepts and Connections, 9th Ed: [Freudian theories on personality and sexuality]
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/13/2012

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Term
psychodynamic perspective
Definition
Freudian theory of personality
Term
three basic parts of the personality according to Freud
Definition
id, ego, superego
Term
superego
Definition
-in charge of morality and values
-follows the moral principle (sets moral standards) and enforces them
Term
the moral principle (Freud)
Definition
moral standards set by the superego
Term
id
Definition
-basic physiological drives and needs
-housed totally in the unconscious according to Freud
-follows the pleasure principle:
seeks immediate gratification of instinctive needs (e.g. sex, food)
Term
the pleasure principle
Definition
the seeking of immediate gratification of instinctive needs (e.g. sex, food) - (controlled by the id)
Term
ego
Definition
-in charge of planning and self awareness
-follows the reality principle
-keeps balance between the id and the superego
-to keep from being exposed to overly anxious or traumatic information, there are unconscious functions called ego defense mechanisms (see ahead for examples)
Term
the reality principle
Definition
the consideration of what is practical and possible in order to satisfy basic needs and live up to moral values (controlled by the ego)
Term
ego defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious functions that try to keep the ego from being exposed to overly anxious or traumatic information
Term
types of ego defense mechanisms
Definition
denial
displacement
rationalization
reaction formation
regression
repression
sublimation
Term
denial (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
refusal to face the true nature of a threat
Term
displacement (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
transfer of ideas and impulses from a threatening object to one that is less threatening or neutral
Term
rationalization (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
thinking up explanations so that you can accept behaviors and impulses that are unacceptable
Term
reaction formation (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
doing something that is totally the opposite of an unacceptable impulse in order to keep the impulse repressed
Term
regression (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
adopting behaviors that are characteristic of an earlier stage of development, like childhood or adolescence
Term
repression (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
unconscious hiding away of impulses and information that is too traumatic or painful
Term
sublimation (ego defense mechanism)
Definition
turning primitive, undesirable impulses into positive constructive efforts
(e.g. an angry person who 'needs' to bully and beat people up becomes a football star)
Term
Freud's take on sexuality
Definition
-sexual impulses are the central factors in personality development, even in children
-we are driven by the basic instinct to preserve and perpetuate life through the eros:
one of the primary ways to sustain life is via sexual intercourse
-our sexual energy (libido) is channeled to areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations (erogenous zones)
Term
the eros
Definition
the basic instinct to sustain life via sexual intercourse
Term
libido
Definition
our sexual energy
Term
erogenous zones
Definition
areas of the body that are sensitive to sexual sensations
Term
the five major stages of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
1. Oral (Birth-1yo)
2. Anal (1-3yo)
3. Phallic (3-6yo)
4. Latency (7-11yo)
5. Genital (12yo-Adulthood)
Term
the oral stage of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
activities associated with the mouth (e.g. eating)
(Birth-1yo)
Term
the anal stage of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
activities associated with the anus (e.g. potty training)
(1-3yo)
Term
the phallic stage of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
boys focus on their penis;
girls question the absence of a penis
(3-6yo)
Term
the latency stage of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
focus on non-sexual development
(7-11yo)
Term
the genital stage of psychosexual development (Freud)
Definition
both sexes focus on genitals and sexual gratification
(12yo-adulthood)
Term
what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at different stages of psychosexual development
Definition
oral -> oral fixations and oral satisfaction
anal -> anal retentive or anal expulsive
phallic -> Oedipus complex or Electra complex
latency -> nonsexual or asexual
Term
what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development
Definition
oral fixations and oral satisfaction
Term
what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development
Definition
anal retentive or anal expulsive
Term
what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the phallic stage of psychosexual development
Definition
Oedipus complex or Electra complex
Term
what happens according to Freud if one gets stuck/fixated at the latency stage of psychosexual development
Definition
nonsexuality or asexuality
Term
Jung
Definition
we have an inherited collective unconscious that contains primitive images common to our human species - i.e. archetypes (e.g. god, fertile mother, wise old man, saviors)
Term
the collective unconscious (Jung)
Definition
contains primitive images common to our human species (archetypes)
Term
Adler
Definition
we are driven by inferiority complexes and so we have a drive for superiority:
focused on the creative self that enables us to overcome challenges and obstacles
Term
the creative self (Adler)
Definition
enables us to overcome challenges and obstacles
-unique to every individual
Term
inferiority complexes (Adler)
Definition
produce the drive for superiority
Term
Horney
Definition
focused on the importance of childhood experience, but emphasized social relationship development, not sexual development
Term
Erikson
Definition
also emphasized social development but through the entire lifespan
Term
emphasized social development
Definition
Horney and Erikson
Term
The "Big Five": Five Factor Model
Definition
through years of extensive research in personality five basic traits or factors were discovered that described most people's personalities:

1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Neuroticism
5. Openness to Experience
Term
extraversion
Definition
being outwardly sociable and personable; outgoing in social settings
Term
agreeableness
Definition
level of warmth, trust and kindness
Term
conscientiousness
Definition
being sensitive to others, thoughtfulness, reliability
Term
neuroticism
Definition
level of anxiety and nervousness
Term
openness to experience
Definition
level of creativity, curiosity to experience and learn about new things
Term
criticisms of trait theories
Definition
1. they do not explain personality; they only describe it, so how useful is that really?

2. see textbook
Term
behavioral theories
Definition
personality traits and characteristics are based on what gets reinforced or punished as one matures (i.e. operant conditioning)
Term
major criticism of behavioral theories
Definition
focuses too much on the end result of behavior without considering important things like choice, consciousness, and self-awareness to grow and change
Term
social cognitive theories
Definition
personality traits and characteristics are based on what we learn through observing others
(i.e. observational learning or modeling)

-also emphasize the important of our:
---[see textbook]---
Term
major criticism of social cognitive theories
Definition
what about the importance of genes?

"this criticism can be applied to all the theories we reviewed so far"
Term
key components to humanistic-existential theories of personality
Definition
humanism
existentialism
humanistic existential theories
self-actualization
unconditional positive regard
conditional positive regard
conditions of worth
Term
humanism
Definition
belief that people are capable of being fulfilled and demonstrate ethical behavior
Term
existentialism
Definition
belief that we all have free will and free choice
Term
humanistic existential theories
Definition
believe that people choose to lead fulfilled, good lives or not; there is a lot of focus on the individual and personal experience
Term
Maslow
Definition
believes every person wants to be the best possible person they can be
Term
Rogers
Definition
believes that we are all inherently good, moral people
-we strive to do good whenever we can based on certain

this is true when we have the following:
1. unconditional positive regard- consistent expressions of a person's value and esteem by others without judgment

a. conditional positive regards- when we value a person based on how acceptable we think his/her behaviors and traits are; we put conditions on respect and love for others

b. these conditions we place on others for our love and respect are called [conditions of worth]
Term
unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
Definition
consistent expressions of a person's value and esteem by others without judgment
Term
conditional positive regards (Rogers)
Definition
when we value a person based on how acceptable we think his/her behaviors are and traits are; we put conditions on respect and love for others
Term
conditions of worth (Rogers)
Definition
the conditions we place on others for our love and respect
Term
criticisms of humanistic-existential theories
Definition
there is too much focus on personal, private experience
things are all highly subjective so how can it be researched?
Term
sociocultural theories of personality
Definition
emphasize the influence of society and culture in personality development

A. Individualistic cultures
B. Collective cultures
C. Acculturation
D. ---see textbook---
Term
individualistic cultures
Definition
focuses on the unique development of each person
-encourages a person to prioritize his/her own goals first
-the spotlight is on 'I'
Term
collective cultures
Definition
focuses on the development of a group of people and relationships within that group
-encourages a person to prioritize the goals of the group first
-the spotlight is on 'We'
Term
acculturation
Definition
focusing on identity development through the active adaptation to new cultures
-often results in a 'blending' of cultures
-attempts are made to integrate or adapt to different cultural values and characteristics
Term
criticism of sociocultural theories
Definition
1. what about genes?
2. ---see textbook---
Term
objective tests to measure personality
Definition
tests that have specific, concrete answers to each question
-typically there is only one correct answer to each question
-often only a limited amount of time to complete the test is allowed
Term
types of objective tests to measure personality
Definition
1. standardized tests
2. validity scales
3. clinical scales
Term
standardized tests
Definition
type of objective test that has been administered to a group of people to obtain the most typical or 'average' response
Term
validity scales
Definition
items on an objective test that assess how accurate a person's responses are to reflecting their true self
Term
clinical scales
Definition
items on an objective test that assess the presence of abnormal behavior or thought patterns
Term
projective tests
Definition
tests that have no specific or concrete answer that is correct
-typically these questions are open ended and allow a person to subjectively interpret the question
-typically they are not time limited
Term
projective tests
Definition
tests that have no specific or concrete answer that is correct
-typically these questions are open ended and allow a person to subjectively interpret the question
-typically they are not time limited
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