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PSYCH 2301 Exam #3 Part 1
Ch. 7 of Psychology: Concepts and Connections, 9th Ed: [Memory]
42
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/13/2012

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Term
basic types of memory
Definition
a. explicit/declarative memory
b. implicit memory
c. retrospective memory
d. prospective memory
Term
explicit memory
Definition
also known as declarative memory
things that are explicit are clearly stated and explained
contains basic knowledge, information and facts
Term
declarative memory
Definition
also known as explicit memory
things that are explicit are clearly stated and explained
contains basic knowledge, information and facts
Term
episodic memory
Definition
component of explicit memory
contains things that have happened to us or we witnessed;
also known as autobiographical memory
Term
autobiographical memory
Definition
component of explicit memory
contains things that have happened to us or we witnessed;
also known as episodic memory
Term
semantic memory
Definition
component of explicit memory
contains general knowledge and meaning of words and basic facts
Term
implicit memory
Definition
also known as non-declarative memory;
contains information about how to perform a task,
the process of how to do something
Term
non-declarative memory
Definition
also known as implicit memory;
contains information about how to perform a task,
the process of how to do something
Term
retrospective memory
Definition
recalling information that was learned in the past
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remembering to do things in the future
Term
information processing
Definition
memory involves three basic processes that include encoding, storage and retrieval
Term
encoding
Definition
translating information so that we can put it into our memories

three components: visual, acoustic and semantic code
Term
visual code
Definition
mental representation of information in picture form
Term
acoustic code
Definition
mental representation of information in sound form
Term
semantic code
Definition
mental representation of information according to their meaning (e.g. acronyms like ROYGBIV)
Term
storage
Definition
maintaining information in your memory over time
---see textbook---
Term
retrieval
Definition
locating stored information and bringing it back; recalling information
Term
the three stages of memory
Definition
a. sensory memory stage
b. short term memory stage (STM)
c. long term memory stage (LTM)
Term
sensory memory stage
Definition
only traces that last only a fraction of a second to a few seconds; things are forgotten quickly if they are not important or attended to

two components: iconic and echoic memory
Term
iconic memory
Definition
holds icons, the mental representation of visual images that remembered for fractions of a second;
-eidetic imagery, maintenance of detailed visual images over several minutes, still typically fades over time
Term
eidetic memory
Definition
component of iconic memory
-maintenance of detailed visual images over several minutes, still typically fades over time
Term
echoic memory
Definition
holds echoes- mental representation of sounds
Term
echoes
Definition
mental representation of sounds
Term
short term memory stage (STM)
Definition
temporary storage place for things that you attend to or deem somewhat important and need to remember, at least for a little while;

also called working memory
Term
working memory
Definition
temporary storage place for things that you attend to or deem somewhat important and need to remember, at least for a little while;

also called short term memory (STM)
Term
components to the short term memory stage
Definition
serial-position effect
primacy effect
recency effect
chunking
rote
displace
Term
serial-position effect (STM)
Definition
tendency to recall first and last items in a series of information
Term
primacy effect (STM)
Definition
tendency to recall the first items
Term
recency effect (STM)
Definition
tendency to recall the last items
Term
chunking (STM)
Definition
grouping information together in order to encode and store it in STM so that it may be easily recalled later
Term
rote (STM)
Definition
learning through repetition
Term
displace (STM)
Definition
losing information in your STM when you add new information
Term
long term memory stage (LTM)
Definition
permanent storage for things
Term
components to the LTM
Definition
---see textbook---
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
---see textbook---
---see textbook---
interference theory
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
Term
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (LTM)
Definition
feeling that information is stored in memory cannot be recalled readily
Term
interference theory
Definition
forgetting stored information because other learning interferes with it

two components: retroactive and proactive
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
component of interference theory

new learning interferes with the retrieval of old information
Term
proactive interference
Definition
component of interference theory

new learning interferes with material that was just learned recently
Term
two types of amnesia
Definition
anterograde and retrograde
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
failure to remember information that occurred after a physical trauma
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
failure to remember information prior to a physical trauma
Term
three major research findings regarding eyewitness testimony
Definition
1. identification is less accurate when suspects belong to ethnic or racial groups that differ from the witness

2. identification of suspects is confused when interrogators make misleading suggestions

3. witnesses are seen as more credible when they claim to be certain in their testimony, but there is little evidence that claims of certainty are accurate
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