Term
| What is consciousness? What does it involve? |
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Definition
selective attention: focusing on a particular stimulus
and
direct inner awareness: knowing one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of your senses |
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Term
| What is selective attention? |
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Definition
| focusing on a particular stimulus |
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Term
| What is direct inner awareness? |
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Definition
| knowing one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of your senses? |
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Term
| What are Freud's 3 types of consciousness? |
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Definition
1. conscious: what is currently in your awareness
2. preconscious: not in your awareness but can be brought to your awareness by focusing your attention
3. unconscious: memories that are typically unavailable to awareness under most circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| what is currently in your awareness |
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Term
| What is the preconscious? |
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Definition
| not in your awareness but can be brought to your awareness by focusing your attention |
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Term
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Definition
| memories that are typically unavailable to awareness under most circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| our natural cycle of sleep and waking within a 24 hour period of time |
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Term
| How much of our lives do we spend sleeping? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of sleep? |
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Definition
Awake: beta waves Stage 1: theta waves; light sleep; enter a hypnagogic state- brief. dreamlike images Stage 2: rapid rhythmic brain ways, sleep spindles Stage 3: delta waves begin, transitional period between light and deep sleep Stage 4: delta waves; deep sleep Stage 5: REM cycle, increased respiration rate and brain activity; but muscles are relaxed- also called paradoxical sleep |
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Term
| Describe the basic characteristics of dreams |
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Definition
recap of the day's events
•release of the unconscious
•professing of information
•reticular activating system
•frontal lobes seem to be inactive during dreaming, may explain why dreams are illogical, make no sense
•brain releases neural transmitters to prevent us from acting out dream behaviors
•wet dreams during adolescence may occur |
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Term
| What is the reticular activating system (RAS)? |
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Definition
| the part of our brain that is essential in attention, waking, filtering info to the cerebral cortex for processing; if damaged may result in coma; seems to be stimulated during sleep; genetically hardwired for this; prompted the activation -synthesis model to explain why we dream during sleep |
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Term
| List 5 types of sleep disorders |
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Definition
insomnia
narcolepsy
apnea
sleep terrors
enuresis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| falling asleep suddenly and involuntarily; sleep paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| severe nightmares during first two stages of sleep as opposed to the last two stages of deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of enuresis? |
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Definition
Primary enuresis: bedwetting since infancy
•Secondary enuresis: wetting developed after being continually dry for a minimum of six months |
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Term
| List five types of altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
1. day dreaming
2. hypnosis
3. meditation
4. biofeedback training
5. drug-induced states |
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Term
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Definition
| fantasy prone personalities- spend waking time vividly imagining things |
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Term
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Definition
| state where one is highly suggestible and act as if in a trance |
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Term
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Definition
| an activity such as exercises, rituals, prayer, that alters how own relates to his/her environment |
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Term
| What is biofeedback training? |
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Definition
| changing a certain biological function, like heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure, based on information that monitors it (e.g. hearing a beep for each heartbeat) |
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Term
| Describe drug-induced states (very, very simply) |
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Definition
| altered or stimulated perceptions due to psychoactive substances |
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Term
| What is recreational substance abuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is recreational substance use? |
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Definition
| infrequent use of a substance for its psychological or physical effects; absolutely no impairment on daily life functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated use of a drug for its psychological or physical effects, despite it causing some impairment to your daily life functioning; may result in some psychological or physiological withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| Describe chemical dependency/addiction |
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Definition
chronic use and craving of a drug for its psychological or physical effects in order to function;
often daily life activities are focused around the drug use; psychological withdrawal symptoms may be so severe that they appear to be physiological in nature (e.g. anxiety -> shakes, sweats)
•note: tolerance, cirrhosis of the liver, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Term
| What is substance tolerance? |
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Definition
| when the body becomes used to a certain amount of a drug and needs more and more of it to produce the same physiological/psychological effect |
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Term
| What is cirrhosis of the liver? |
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Definition
| hardening of the liver due to excessive drinking that leads to blocked circulation and poor functioning of the organ |
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Term
| What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? |
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Definition
| confusion, memory impairment and lying to fill in memory loss gaps due to chronic alcoholism |
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Term
| What are the 3 major categories of drugs? |
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Definition
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
slow down your nervous system
•alcohol
•opiates- for severe pain, causes euphoric rush, similar to endorphins, boy gets dependent on it and stops producing endorphins (e.g. heroine, codeine, morphine)
•barbiturate- for anxiety and pain, mild rush, body and mind develop dependency quickly |
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Term
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Definition
excites your nervous system
•speed
•coke
•cigarettes |
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Term
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Definition
| this is an unnecessary flashcard |
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Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
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Definition
learning through association
•focus on associating stimuli together (e.g. sex and shoes)
•focus on behaviors that are simple reflexes to stimuli |
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Term
| What are the four basic parts of classical conditioning? |
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Definition
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned response (UCR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR) |
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Term
| Define unconditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| natural stimulus that generates a natural response form an organism (e.g. hot girls) |
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Term
| Define unconditioned response |
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Definition
| natural response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. desire) |
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Term
| Define conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
| the new stimulus that is associated with the unconditioned stimulus (e.g. car) |
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Term
| Define conditioned response |
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Definition
| the new response that is learned and exhibited when the conditioned response is present (e.g. desire) |
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Term
| What are the basic principles of classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| 1. taste aversion 2. extinction 3. spontaneous rediscovery 4. generalization 5. discrimination 6. higher-order conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| animals seem to develop stronger associations and responses to certain stimulus based on its need to survive (e.g. bitter/sour = poison = death) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when a stimulus stops generating the same learned response because the events that follow the stimuli no longer occur
•the association between the two stimulus that were once paired together fades over time if they are no longer shown together
•but this learned association does not totally disappear, it can come back when the right conditions are present (e.g. show sports cars only over time without hot girls, conditioned response of desire may fade) |
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Term
| Define generalization in the context of classical conditioning |
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Definition
when a conditioned response is shown in the presence of a similar stimulus to the conditioned stimulus
(e.g. seeing a truck, which is another type of car, recalls the association of sports cars and hot girls = desire) |
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Term
| What is higher-order conditioning? |
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Definition
pairing or associating another new stimulus with a conditioned stimulus; CS-CS-CR association
(e.g. airplane associated with a sports car = desire) |
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Term
| What is counterconditioning? |
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Definition
application of classical conditioning
•a technique to eliminate fear of a specific stimulus
•involves pairing or associating pleasant stimulus with the one that leads to fear (e.g. dog = fear; candy = happiness; repeat association of dog with candy = happiness) |
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Term
| What is counterconditioning? |
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Definition
application of classical conditioning
•a technique to eliminate fear of a specific stimulus
•involves pairing or associating pleasant stimulus with the one that leads to fear (e.g. dog = fear; candy = happiness; repeat association of dog with candy = happiness) |
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Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| learning through reinforcement and punishment |
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Term
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Definition
•component of operant conditioning
•behavior is stamped in by reinforcement and stamped out by punishment |
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Term
| Basic terms in operant conditioning |
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Definition
reinforcement/punishment
reinforcer/punisher
positive/negative
positive/negative reinforcement
positive/negative punishment |
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Term
| What is the goal of reinforcement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of punishment |
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Definition
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Term
| What is given by the reinforcer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is given by the punisher? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the positive do? |
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Definition
| administer or give something |
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Term
| What does the negative do? |
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Definition
| remove or take away something |
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Term
| What is positive reinforcement? |
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Definition
| give something pleasant to increase behavior |
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Term
| What is negative reinforcement? |
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Definition
| take away something unpleasant to increase behavior |
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Term
| What is positive punishment? |
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Definition
| give something unpleasant to decrease behavior |
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Term
| What is negative punishment? |
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Definition
| take away something pleasant to decrease behavior |
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Term
| Basic steps in understanding operant conditioning: |
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Definition
1. identify behavior
2. clarify whether you want that behavior to increase or
decrease
3. identify the reinforcer (pleasant thing) or punisher (unpleasant thing)
4. identify methods that are available
5. identify which method to use
6. apply |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
continuous reinforcement:
partial reinforcement
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule |
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Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
| every correct response is reinforced |
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Term
| What is partial reinforcement? |
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Definition
| one of several correct responses is reinforced |
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Term
| What is a fixed-interval schedule? |
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Definition
a set amount of time must pass before reinforcement is given for a correct response
(e.g. give one reward once a day) |
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Term
| What is a variable-interval schedule? |
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Definition
an amount of time must pass before reinforcement is given for a correct response, but this amount of time can change or vary
(e.g. give one reward 1 per day, 1 per 3 days, 1 per 30 days, 1 per 8 days; the time always changes) |
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Term
| What is a fixed-ratio schedule? |
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Definition
a set amount of correct responses must be demonstrated before reinforcement is given
(e.g. give one reward for every 4 responses) |
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