Term
| What are the three periods in [in utero development]? |
|
Definition
Germinal Period (First 14 days)
Embryonic Period (3rd thru 8th week)
Fetal Period ( 9th thru birth) |
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Term
| What takes place during the germinal period? |
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Definition
•rapid cell division
•cell differentiation begins
•zygote travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus
implantation in the uterine lining for nourishment via connective web of membranes and blood vessels
•50% of zygotes fail to grow or implant |
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Term
| What takes place during the embryonic period? |
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Definition
-all anatomical structures begin to form and take shape
-neural tube develops in the outer cells; this will later develop into the CNS
-20% of embryos are aborted spontaneously due most often to chromosomal abnormalities |
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Term
| What takes place during the fetal period? |
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Definition
•immense growth in size
•anatomical complexity
•sex organs become visible
•fetal heartbeat detectable
•placenta is fully formed
•5% of fetuses are aborted spontaneously before they are viable |
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
rapid cell division take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
cell differentiation begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
the zygote travel down the fallopian tube towards the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
implantation in the uterine lining for nourishment via connective web of membranes and blood vessels take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period do…
50% of zygotes fail to grow or implant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period do…
all anatomical structures begin to form and take shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
the neural tube develop in the outer cells, which will later develop into the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period are…
20% of embryos aborted spontaneously due most often to chromosomal abnormalities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period are…
20% of embryos aborted spontaneously due most often to chromosomal abnormalities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
immense growth in size take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
anatomical complexity develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period do…
sex organs become visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period is…
the fetal heartbeat detectable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period does…
the placenta fully form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In what in utero development period are…
5% of fetuses aborted spontaneously before they are viable? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of birth defects due to teratogens, which include a broad range of substances and conditions; some teratogens have an interactive effect causing increased harm to development |
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Term
| What is the critical period (time)? |
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Definition
| a time during prenatal development when a particular organ or part of the body is highly sensitive and susceptible to the effects of teratogens |
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Term
| Define threshold effect (does/frequency) |
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Definition
| the harmful effects of some teratogens are based on how long and/or how mucha zygote, embryo or fetus is exposed to them |
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Term
|
Definition
| a simple, painless and effective test used by midwives and doctors to assess your newborn's health |
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Term
| What are the categories tested in the Apgar scale? |
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Definition
appearance/skin color
pulse/heart rate
grimace/reflex response
muscle tone/activity
breathing/respiration |
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Term
| What characteristics give a baby an Apgar score of 0? |
|
Definition
blue skin
no pulse
no response to stimulation
limp
no breathing |
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Term
| What characteristics give a baby an Apgar score of 1? |
|
Definition
pink body, white at extremities
slow pulse
grimacing when stimulated
some bending or stretching of limbs
weak or irregular breathing |
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|
Term
| What characteristics give a baby an Apgar score of 2? |
|
Definition
pink all over
fast heart rate
crying and coughing
active movement
normal breathing, baby crying |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of postpartum depression? |
|
Definition
•feeling of inadequacy and sadness ensuing the days or weeks after birth
•occurs in 10-20% of women
•the "baby blues" is a mild form
•severe forms result in psychosis (e.g. losing touch with reality, suffering from delusions, inconsistent though processes, labile mood)
•counseling may help |
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Term
| What basic things take place during Piaget's 6 stages of sensorimotor intelligence? |
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Definition
•active intelligence
•humans actively and naturally seek to understand their environment and the world around them
•central to Piaget's theory of development
•when applied to his sensorimotor period of development (0-2yo) Piaget believed that infants interact primarily via their 5 senses and gross motor movements to understand their world |
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Term
| What are the three basic categories in Piaget's 6 stages of sensorimotor intelligence? |
|
Definition
A: primary circulatory reactions (0-4mo)
-reactions that involve the infant's own body
B: secondary circulatory reactions (4-12mo)
-reactions that involve people and objects
C: tertiary circulatory reactions (12-24mo)
-reactions that involve creativity and ideas |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence do natural reflexes take place? |
|
Definition
Stage 1
0-4mo
primary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does the adaptation of reflexes to the world take place? |
|
Definition
Stage 2
0-4mo
primary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does learning occur via assimilation and accommodation of information? |
|
Definition
Stage 2
0-4mo
primary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does awareness of people and objects around them? |
|
Definition
Stage 3
4-12mo
secondary circulatory reactions |
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|
Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does vocalization increase? |
|
Definition
Stage 3
4-12mo
secondary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence do responses to sounds/talking develop? |
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Definition
Stage 3
4-12mo
secondary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does the child begin to anticipate needs and produce behaviors that will satisfy them (goal-directed behaviors)? |
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Definition
Stage 4
4-12mo
secondary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| What is an example of a goal-directed behavior in an infant? |
|
Definition
| taking off clothes when they hear bathwater being drawn |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence is the infant/child able to ignore distractions? |
|
Definition
Stage 4
4-12mo
secondary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence does more active exploration and experimentation with objects/people take place? |
|
Definition
Stage 5
12-24mo
tertiary circulatory reactions |
|
|
Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence do infants/children begin to understand cause and effect? |
|
Definition
Stage 5
12-24mo
tertiary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence do children become "little scientists" |
|
Definition
Stage 5
12-24mo
tertiary circulatory reactions |
|
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Term
| During what stage of sensorimotor intelligence do children begin to anticipate and solve simple problems without having to resort physical trial and error experiments? |
|
Definition
Stage 6
12-24mo
tertiary circulatory reactions |
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Term
| What are the basic components to Piaget's child development (2-6yo) cycle? |
|
Definition
•pre-operational period
•symbolic thinking
•centration
•object permanence |
|
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Term
| What takes place during the pre-operational period in Piaget's child development cycle? |
|
Definition
| have not yet learned logical reasoning principles in thinking: period is marked by symbolic thinking |
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Term
| What is involved in the symbolic thinking period in Piaget's child development cycle? |
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Definition
| words, gestures, pictures, actions to represent ideas, experiences, behaviors |
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Term
| What takes place during the centration period in Piaget's child development cycle? |
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Definition
| tendency to focus on one way of thinking or perceiving, while excluding other alternatives |
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Term
| Challenges children face in developing logical reasoning take place during the __________ period. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What challenges do children face in developing logical reasoning during the centration period? |
|
Definition
1. egocentric thinking
2. a focus on appearance of stimuli to the exclusion of other attributes
3. static reasoning
4. irreversibility
5. conservation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a self-centered perception and interpretation of the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumption that the world is unchanging and stays "as is" or the same as when they experienced it |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure to recognize that reversing a process brings about the conditions that existed before the transformation began |
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Term
|
Definition
the belief that the amount of a substance is unaffected by its change in appearance
•this reasoning skill marked transition into concrete operational stage |
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Term
|
Definition
the understanding that objects still exist despite not being able to see, touch or hear them (e.g. peek-a-boo is no longer interesting)
-skill develops slowly, sometimes into age 3yo, likely based on experience |
|
|
Term
| What did Lev Vygotsky do? |
|
Definition
•emphasized learning in the social and cultural context; learners are "little apprentices"
•developed the zone of proximal development (ZPD - Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a child can complete)
and…
•guided participation (teacher facilitates the involvement of a learner in some educational activity) |
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|
Term
| What is guided participation? |
|
Definition
| teacher facilitates the involvement of a learner in some educational activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner dialogue with oneself during a learner experience (what are you thinking right now to yourself? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zone of proximal development
* Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that a child can complete |
|
|
Term
| What is social mediation? |
|
Definition
| using language as a tool to bridge the gap between teacher and learner; helps the learner to bridge the ZPD |
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Term
| Three key cognitive abilities needed for cognitive growth and making sense of the world: |
|
Definition
ability to develop categories
ability to remember
ability to understand cause and effect |
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Term
| Describe the ability to develop categories |
|
Definition
infants younger than 6mo can categorize objects by shape, color, angularity, density, relative size and number (up to three)
•by 12mo can categorize some animals, birds, kitchen utensils, physical appearance of people; based on some essential categorical feature of those objects…
•features may be based on familiarity and experience with the category in question in order to discriminate between objects |
|
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Term
| Describe the ability to remember |
|
Definition
•long term memory is very poor prior to 2yo and is slow to develop prior to 5yo
•infantile amnesia: Freudian hypothesis that infants likely do not recall anything prior to 2yo and recall only very traumatic or poignant experiences prior to 5yo; what you remember is what you were told by others |
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|
Term
| What is infantile amnesia? |
|
Definition
| Freudian hypothesis that infants likely do not recall anything prior to 2yo and recall only very traumatic or poignant experiences prior to 5yo; what you remember is what you were told by others |
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|
Term
| When does the ability to understand cause and effect develop? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe infant language development |
|
Definition
brain seems to be ready to learn language at birth
(likely due to auditory experiences in utero)
•prefer babytalk from familiar voices
•babbling: repetition of syllables
•also appear to gesture while babbling
(e.g. tilt head, wave arms/hands) |
|
|
Term
| What is infantile babbling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of infantile babbling gestures? |
|
Definition
| tilting of head, waving arms/hands |
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Term
| What are the seven major stages of psychosocial theory? |
|
Definition
1. trust vs. mistrust (birth-1yo)
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3yo)
3. initiate vs. guilt (7-11yo)
4. industry vs. inferiority (adolescence)
5. identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
6. intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
7. generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
8. integrity vs. despair (late adulthood) |
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|
Term
| When does trust vs. mistrust take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does autonomy vs. shame and doubt take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does initiative vs. guilt take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does industry vs. inferiority take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does identity vs. role confusion take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does intimacy vs. isolation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does generativity vs. stagnation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does integrity vs. despair take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Ainsworth help establish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is attachment theory? |
|
Definition
refers to the emotional relationship between caregiver and child post-1yo
•described 4 basic types of attachment relationships using the stranger situation |
|
|
Term
| What are the types found in the stranger situation? |
|
Definition
type B: secure -> autonomous
type A: insecure-avoidant -> dismissing
type C: insecure-resistant -> preoccupied
type D: insecure-disorganized -> unresolved |
|
|
Term
| What is type B attachment in the stranger situation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is type A attachment in the stranger situation? |
|
Definition
| insecure-avoidant -> dismissing |
|
|
Term
| What is type C attachment in the stranger situation? |
|
Definition
| insecure-resistant -> preoccupied |
|
|
Term
| What is type D attachment in the stranger situation? |
|
Definition
| insecure-disorganized -> unresolved |
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Term
| Describe secure-autonomous attachment |
|
Definition
happy with childhood relationships
•able and confident in developing positive, solid relationships as an adult |
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Term
| Describe insecure-avoidant -> dismissing attachment |
|
Definition
tend to devalue or idealize early childhood relationships
•underemphasize the importance of forming positive relationships in adulthood |
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Term
| Describe insecure-resistant -> preoccupied attachment |
|
Definition
overly involved with their early childhood relationships
•often overly emotional when speaking about their caregiver-child relationship experiences
•may seek to re-establish or maintain these relationships into adulthood |
|
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Term
| Describe insecure-disorganized -> unresolved attachment |
|
Definition
have yet to make sense of their childhood relationships
•have difficulty making sense of their adult relationships |
|
|
Term
| What are Baumrind's 4 styles of parenting? |
|
Definition
authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved |
|
|
Term
| Describe authoritarian parenting |
|
Definition
parents' word is law
•misconduct results in strict punishment
•dictatorial family process
•demands for maturity are high
•P-C communications are low
•focus on behavior rather than emotion
•children are likely to be conscientious, obedient, and quiet; but not typically very happy |
|
|
Term
| Describe permissive parenting |
|
Definition
parents have few demands
•parents inhibit their feelings of impatience and desire to correct a child's behavior
•highly nurturing, accepting an emphasize communication
•view parenting as being available to one's children, but not responsible for shaping how children turn out
•children are likely to lack self-control and be even less happy |
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|
Term
| Describe authoritative parenting |
|
Definition
set limits and enforce rules
•emphasize P-C- communication about feelings,requests, problems, etc
•democratic family process
•demand more appropriate levels of maturity, but equally as nurturing, understanding, and forgiving
•children are likely to be successful, articulate, intelligent, happy with themselves, and generous with others |
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|
Term
| Describe uninvolved parenting |
|
Definition
parents express no interest in caring for their child
•few demands, lack of structure, lack of warmth or encouragement |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of secondary sex characteristics among females during puberty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of secondary sex characteristics among males during puberty |
|
|
Term
| Reminder: adolescent egocentrism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the invincibility fable? |
|
Definition
| egocentric belief that one will never fall victim to harm or a negative outcome/consequence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| egocentric belief that one is destined for fame, fortune and greatness |
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Term
| What are the stages of identity vs. role confusion? |
|
Definition
| 1. identity achievement 2. foreclosure 3. negative identity 4. identity diffusion 5. moratorium 6. mature identity |
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|
Term
| What is identity achievement? |
|
Definition
| establishing one's own unique, individual identity based on an evaluation of past experience, and the goals and values set by one's parents and culture; an individual considers which goals and values to accept and which to reject |
|
|
Term
| What is negative identity? |
|
Definition
| the forging of an identity based on goals and values that are in stark contrast or opposite of those set by one's parents or culture |
|
|
Term
| What is identity diffusion? |
|
Definition
| occurs when one appears unsure or simply apathetic to forging an identity for oneself |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ultimate identity that is based on the self-chosen goals and values of the individual |
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Term
| What are the three levels in Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development? |
|
Definition
Level I: Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning (1&2)
Level II: Conventional Moral Reasoning (3&4)
Level III: Post-conventional Moral Reasoning (5&6) |
|
|
Term
| Describe pre-conventional moral reasoning |
|
Definition
emphasis on reward and punishment
•self-centered perspective
1. might makes right: obedience to authority, avoid punishment, advance self-interests
2. look out for number one: be nice to others and they will be nice to you |
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|
Term
| Describe conventional moral reasoning |
|
Definition
emphasis on social rules
•community-centered perspective
3. good girl, nice boy: appropriate behavior is that which pleases other people; seek social approval
4. law and order: obeying laws and being a good citizen; seek societal order |
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|
Term
| Describe post-conventional moral reasoning |
|
Definition
emphasis on moral principles
•ideal-centered perspective
5. social construct: obey societal rules because they benefit everyone and were established by mutual agreement
6. universal ethical principles: general universal principles determine right and wrong; not focused on any individual, any one community, culture, etc.; overarching ethical values that pertain to all human life |
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Term
| What are the stages of early adulthood development (20-35yo)? |
|
Definition
A. physical changes
B.
C. homeostasis
D. fluid intelligence vs. crystallized intelligence |
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|
Term
| What physical changes occur during early adulthood development (20-35yo)? |
|
Definition
muscle growth and fat accumulation continue until approximately 30 years of age
•typically this period of life is when one is quite healthy and strong
•death from disease is quite rare in comparison to other periods of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the body's attempt to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium; the time it takes for the body's various biological systems to achieve homeostasis increases as we age
•this is why it takes longer for older adults to "bounce back" from any biological/physical stress
•senescence leads to a depletion in organ reserve •menopause occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the organ reserve? |
|
Definition
| the extra capacity our organs have to withstand moments of intense or prolonged stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when ovulation and menstruation stops, and the production of estrogen and progesterone decreases |
|
|
Term
| What is fluid intelligence? |
|
Definition
| flexible reasoning used to make inferences and understand relationships between concepts; creative thinking that involves all types of reasoning and problem solving |
|
|
Term
| What is crystallized intelligence? |
|
Definition
| accumulation of facts, information, and knowledge acquired through education and experience within a particular culture |
|
|
Term
| Describe middle adulthood development (35-65yo) |
|
Definition
period when most adults are professional and personally productive
•midlife crises may occur |
|
|
Term
| What is a midlife crisis? |
|
Definition
| period of unusual anxiety, radical re-examination of one's life, and sudden transformation of the self |
|
|
Term
| When does late adulthood development occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of brain functioning that results in impairment to daily life functioning; often manifests as severely impaired judgment, memory, or problem solving ability; most age-related dementia is chronic and degenerative (becomes worse over time) |
|
|
Term
| Describe Alzheimer's disease |
|
Definition
-most common form of dementia
-gradual deterioration of memory and personality
-due to "plagues" or "tangles" (twisted masses of protein) in the cerebral cortex (recall this area of the brain is in charge of executive control)
-not part of the normal aging process
-partly genetic in origin (50/50 chance if inherited from one parent)
-treatment to delay the onset or slow down the development of AD is still experimental |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 stages of Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
Stage 1: absentmindedness about recent events or newly acquired information; minor impairment to short term memory (STM) functioning
Stage 2: generalized confusion; more severe impairment to STM and concentration (inability to focus); repetitive speech/rambling; limited vocabulary; word confusion
Stage 3: debilitating memory loss; inability to care for oneself and one's daily needs (e.g. forget to eat)
Stage 4: totally unable to care for oneself; marked changes in personality; totally irrational, angry, paranoid; total lack of recognition of loved ones; limited response to others and sensory stimulus
Stage 5: completely mute; fail to respond to any sensory stimulus; no reaction or emotions; death |
|
|
Term
| What is multi-infarct dementia (MID)? |
|
Definition
-second most common cause of dementia
-cause by repeated blood clots in blood vessels leading to the brain, obstructing oxygen from reaching the brain, and leading to brain damage; this is more commonly known as a "stroke"
-each infarct (temporary obstruction of blood vessels) leads to more and more brain damage, which results in cognitive impairment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temporary obstruction of blood vessels
-part of multi-infract dementia (MID) |
|
|
Term
| Describe wisdom in late adulthood |
|
Definition
| expert knowledge in understanding and navigating the life's most significant experiences; broad, comprehensive, and practical insights to life problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of "wisdom" in late adulthood
•a deeper examination of one's accomplishment and failures throughout one's lifetime; theorized to assist elderly persons in accepting the aging process and the inevitability of death
•these life reviews often motivate elderly persons to connect with younger generations via storytelling and autobiographical writing |
|
|
Term
| How does keeping active benefit those in late adulthood? |
|
Definition
contributes to maintaining physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional well being
•increases life satisfaction
•creates life purpose and motivation
•maintains or boosts self-efficacy and self-esteem |
|
|
Term
| What are some common ways to keep active in late adulthood? |
|
Definition
| running, walking, sports, etc |
|
|
Term
| What are Kubler-Ross' 5 stages of dying? |
|
Definition
1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance |
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|
