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PSYCH 2301 Exam #1 Full
Ch. 1, 2 & 4 of Psychology: Concepts and Connections, 9th Ed: [Overview of psychology, Evolutionary/biological psychology, Sensation and Perception]
216
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/30/2017

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Term
Psychology
Definition
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes; the study of the mind
Term
Theory
Definition
formulations and ideas of the relationships among events
Term
Pure Research
Definition
uncovering information for its own sake; no immediate application or utility
Term
Applied Research
Definition
finding solutions to problems
Term
Aristotle
Definition
400 BC; Greece; understanding human behavior
Term
Socrates
Definition
"Know Thyself" spawned introspection
Term
Fechner, Gustav
Definition
1860 - Germany - official study of sensation and perception by measuring the effects of stimuli
Term
Wundt, Wilhelm
Definition
1879 - Germany - established the first psychology lab; started Structuralism
Term
Structuralism
Definition
mind consists of sensations, feelings and images, which all form human experience
Term
James, William
Definition
1890 - America - founded Functionalism
Term
Functionalism
Definition
emphasizes the functions of the mind vs. the elements or components of the mind
Term
Watson, John B.
Definition
founded Behaviorism
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
emphasizes the observable behaviors and the relationship between stimulus and response, punishment and reinforcement; diverts focus of psychological study from the subjective (e.g. conscious vs. subconscious) to the objective (scientific)
Term
Wertheimer, Koffka & Kohler
Definition
1920s - Germany - founded Gestalt Psychology
Term
Gestalt Psychology
Definition
emphasized the organization and larger patterns of stimuli; "the sum is greater than its parts"; it is the whole picture that is important and not the bits and pieces of what we perceive; Insight
Term
Freud, Sigmund
Definition
1900s - Germany - founded Psychodynamic Theory, used psychoanalysis, defined terms "id, ego, superego"
Term
Introspection
Definition
the process of "looking inward" and examining one's self and one's own actions in order to gain insight
Term
Insight
Definition
the sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
Term
Psychodynamic Theory
Definition
emphasized the underlying motivations and drives behind how people think, act and feel;
these motivations are often in the unconscious and hidden from the active mind
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
refers to Freud's method of therapy and his theory of personality (id, ego, superego)
Term
Id
Definition
the part of the human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification (guided by the Pleasure Principle), regardless of social values or consequence
Term
Ego
Definition
the part of personality that helps us deal with reality by mediating between the demands of the id, superego, and the environment (guided by the Reality Principle)
Term
Superego
Definition
the part of the personality that acts as our moral guide and mediates between the id and the ego; contains the conscience, which makes us feel guilty for doing or thinking something wrong and good when we do something right
Term
Biological/Evolutionary Theory
Definition
behavior and personality are based primarily on our genetic material (genes); we act, feel and think according to our instincts
Term
Epigenetic Systems Theory
Definition
our inherited genetic material predisposes us to certain traits and characteristics, but it is the environment that activates or nurtures particular traits/characteristics that are important to daily living/survival
Term
Cognitive Theory
Definition
examines the mental processes involved in how we think, act and feel
Term
Humanistic-Existential Theory
Definition
comprised of Humanism and Existentialism
Term
Humanism
Definition
refers to the human capacity for self-fulfillment; self-actualization; "be all that you can be"; focuses on personal, subjective experiences; meaning is in the eye of the beholder and its that personal perspective that is most important
Term
Existentialism
Definition
a 20th century traditional philosophy that focuses on the idea that an individual person is supposed to find their "authentic existence" in the world as they face choices and decisions in daily life; the perspective that people have free will and freedom of choice to make these daily decisions
Term
Social Cognitive Theory / Social Learning Theory
Definition
focus on learning via observation; how we act, think and feel is based on how we see others act, think and feel; "monkey see monkey do"
Term
Sociocultural Theory
Definition
focuses on how society, culture, religion, etc. influences how we act, think and feel
Term
race
Definition
grouping of people based on their physical features such as skin color, eye shape, hair type, etc; it is a social construct; organization of people based on skin color has little to no biological basis; not scientifically valid
Term
ethnicity
Definition
grouping of people by common cultural values, cultural practices, cultural heritage/history, cultural language, etc.
Term
sex (biology)
Definition
refers to the biological differences between males, females and in between (XX, XY, XXY, etc)
Term
gender
Definition
refers to the societal/cultural differences between males and females (e.g., social roles, expectations, behavior, etc) and how a person feels they fit within that spectrum
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
1. Formulate a research question
2. Develop a hypothesis: a scientific statement
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Make findings available
Term
sample (for research purposes)
Definition
a part of the population
Term
random sampling
Definition
every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research study
Term
stratified sampling
Definition
ensures that subgroups in the population are represented accurately in your samples
Term
Scientific Observation
Definition
systematic recording of a participant's behavior in an unobtrusive manner that may occur in a natural or laboratory setting
Term
Experiment
Definition
an attempt to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables
Term
Basic parts of an experiment
Definition
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Experimental group
d. Control/Comparison group
e. Quantitative data
f. Qualitative data
Term
Independent variable
Definition
is manipulated
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
hypothesized to change according to the independent variable
Term
Experimental group
Definition
receives the independent variable
Term
Control/Comparison group
Definition
does not receive the independent variable; may receive a placebo so they don't get suspicious
Term
placebo
Definition
"sugar pill"
Term
Quantitative data
Definition
information that is recorded in some unit of measurement (e.g. rating scales, heart rate)
Term
Qualitative data
Definition
information that is not measured numerically (e.g. narratives, open-ended questions)
Term
random assignment
Definition
preferred: where participants are randomly placed into either the experimental or control group; statistically, the assumption is that ___ increases your chances of truly representing the population in your groups; whereas if people are selectively placed into your groups, there may be some sort of bias of your effects
Term
double-blind studies
Definition
both the participants and the administrators of the study are left in the dark regarding which group is the control and which is the experimental
Term
Survey
Definition
collection of research information via personal interview or questionnaire - however, the validity of the data from this method remains questionable
Term
Case study
Definition
intensive study of one participant - often yields rich, detailed qualitative data
Term
Cross-Sectional Research
Definition
method that helps to track change over time
-involves studying groups of people who differ in age, but share some other important characteristic of interest
-data is collected once from all the groups and then the data is compared
-any differences may be attributable to age
(e.g. suicide rates among depressed people)
Term
Longitudinal Research
Definition
method that helps to track change over time
-involves studying the same individual(s) over a long period of time
Term
Cross-Sequential Research
Definition
method that helps to track change over time
-involves both cross-sectional and longitudinal research, where you keep track and record data several different times from the same age-divided groups over a long period of time
Term
Ecological-Systems Research
Definition
involves examining the individual while taking into account all the environments/contexts within which the individual lives
-most ideal method, but unrealistic and difficult to achieve
Term
Correlation/Correlation Relationship
Definition
two variables co-occur at the same time
-there is no cause-effect relationship between the two variables (e.g. black hair/brown eyes);
two types: positive correlation and negative correlation
Term
Positive correlation
Definition
both variables occur together and move in the same direction
-when one goes up, the other goes up and vice versa (e.g. smoking/drinking)
Term
Negative correlation
Definition
both variables occur together but move in the opposite direction
-when one goes up, the other goes down and vice versa (e.g. hunger/fun)
Term
Causal/Causal Relationship
Definition
a change in one variable is directly responsible for a change in another variable
-a cause-effect relationship exists (e.g. smoking/cancer)
Term
Ethics
Definition
a set of principles of right conduct; a theory or system of moral values
Term
Informed Consents
Definition
participant's agreement to volunteer in the experience after receiving some information about the study
Term
Debriefing
Definition
the purposes and methods of the research are explained to the participants after the experiment
Term
Evolutionary Psychology
Definition
the study of how species adapt their mental processes and behavior to their environment over time
Term
natural selection
Definition
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
Term
instinct
Definition
a typical or average pattern of behavior that is shown in specific situations that almost all members of a particular species have (e.g. fear of a tiger)
Term
heredity
Definition
the passing on of traits from parent to children through their genes
Term
genetics
Definition
the area of biology that studies genes
Term
mutations
Definition
a sudden change in the genetic makeup of a member of a species that may lead to different physical traits;
sometimes these changes can be adaptive and make it more likely to survive than other members of the species
Term
Behavioral Genetics
Definition
the area of biology that focuses on the passing on of traits that lead to behaviors; this area also focuses on individual differences in behavior
Term
Molecular Genetics
Definition
the area of genetics that examines which genes are connected with the development of specific traits, behaviors, and mental processes
Term
gene
Definition
a basic unity of heredity
Term
chromosome
Definition
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes;
a human cell has twenty-three pairs, one member of each pair coming from each parent
-the pairs are carefully encoded to ensure that all cells contain the exact genetic material
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid; the basic unit of genes
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the genetic traits expressed by an individual, which are observable and apparent (e.g. eye color)
Term
Genotype
Definition
an individual's entire inherited genetic material, including genes that are not expressed or masked
Term
carrier
Definition
when genes are masked or not expressed, the individual is called a _____ of the gene
Term
Gametes
Definition
contain only one set of chromosomes; thus, when a zygote is formed, the genetic material from both parents is required to make up the total 23 pairs of chromosomes needed
Term
Karyotype
Definition
a visual portrayal of an individual's chromosomes
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
twins who have identical genes because they were formed from one zygote splitting into two identical organisms early in development; popularly known as identical twins
Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
twins who have formed when two separate ova were fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time; these twins have only half their genes in common; popularly known as fraternal twins
Term
Polygenic Traits
Definition
characteristics produced by the interaction of several genes (i.e. not based on a single gene)
Term
Additive Genes
Definition
a number of genes makes an active contribution to a specific trait; e.g. skin color and height
Term
Dominant Genes
Definition
in a pair of interacting genes, sometimes a gene is more powerful in influencing the expression of that trait
Term
Recessive Genes
Definition
in a pair of interacting genes, sometimes a gene is weaker in influencing the expression of that trait
Term
X-Linked (Sex-Linked) Genes
Definition
genes that are located only on the X-chromosome; these genes are often recessive, which requires both recessive genes to be present in females to be expressed, but requires only one recessive gene to be present in males to expressed (e.g. colorblindness)
Term
Types of Genes
Definition
1. Additive
2. Dominant
3. Recessive
4. X-Linked
Term
Common Genetic Disorders
Definition
A. Down Syndrome (Trisomy-21)
B. Turner's Syndrome (XO)
C. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
D. Fragile-X
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
-Trisomy-21
-most common extra chromosome syndrome
-extra chromosome at site 21
-mental slowness
-often develop Alzeheimer's disease and other problems associated with elderly persons
Term
Turner's Syndrome
Definition
-XO
-missing chromosomes at site 23
-pair 23 contains genes that affect sex and thusly sexual development
-these females are less likely to develop secondary sex characteristics during adolescence, such as larger breasts and hips
-hormonal supplements often help
Term
Klinefelter Syndrome
Definition
-XXY
-extra chromosome at site 23
-these males are less likely to develop secondary sex characteristics in adolescence, such as a larger penis, increased facial/body hair, deepening of the voice
-more likely to accumulate fat around the breast area (gynecomastia)
-surgical removal of these fat deposits and hormonal supplements often help
Term
Gynecomastia
Definition
accumulation of fat around the breast area in males
Term
Fragile-X
Definition
-mutation of a single gene at site 23
-mutation worsens over generations
-this is a common inherited chromosomal abnormality
-mental deficiencies and retardation, which often results in poor social skills and extreme shyness
Term
Nervous System
Definition
is composed of neurons
Term
neurons
Definition
a nerve cell
Term
glial cells
Definition
remove dead neurons and clean up waste in the nervous system; they nourish, insulate, and direct neuron growth
Term
Anatomy of a Neuron
Definition
1. Cell Body
2. Nucleus
3. Dendrites
4. Axon
5. Myelin Sheath
6. Terminal Button
7. Synapse
8. Neurotransmitters (NTs)
9. Receptor Sites
Term
Dendrites
Definition
root like structures connected to the cell body that receive impulses from other neurons
Term
Axon
Definition
long, thin tail of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
fatty insulation that coats the axon; speeds transmission of neural impulses
Term
Terminal Button
Definition
the end of axons
Term
Synapse
Definition
the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron
Term
Neurotransmitters (NTs)
Definition
the chemicals that help to transmit electrical impulses between neurons
Term
Receptor Sites
Definition
place at the ends of dendrites that pick up NTs
Term
Types of neurons
Definition
Afferent and Efferent
Term
Afferent neurons
Definition
transmit messages from your five senses
Term
Efferent neurons
Definition
transmit messages from your brain or spinal cord to your muscles and glands
Term
Anatomy of an Electrical Impulse
Definition
1. Resting Potential
2. Action potential
3. Activation Energy
4. All-or-None Principle
5. Refractory Period
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
when a neuron is at rest and not receiving any electrical impulses
Term
Action Potential
Definition
when a neuron is stimulated by an electrical impulse
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
there is a certain amount of electrical impulse that is required to stimulate a neuron to fire/activate
Term
All-or-None Principle
Definition
a neuron either fires or it does not; there is no in between; there is either enough of an impuse to fire a neuron or not
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
the time when the neuron needs to rest up before it fires up again
Term
Types of Neurotransmitters
Definition
1. Serotonin (5HT)
2. Endorphins
Term
Serotonin
Definition
5HT: involved in behavior and psychology problems; man-made 5HT is commonly used for depression
Term
Endorphins
Definition
inhibit pain-causing chemicals
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
made up of the brain and spinal cord, which are both made up of gray and white matter
Term
Gray matter
Definition
carry messages to and from the spinal cord
Term
White matter
Definition
carry messages to and from the brain
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
all of the nerves outside of the brain and the spinal cord
Term
Anatomy of the Brain
Definition
1. Reticular Activating System (RAS)
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Corpus Callosum
5. Medulla
6. Pons
7. Cerebellum
8. Cerebrum
Term
Corpus Callosum
Definition
connects and communicates between the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Term
Medulla
Definition
regulates heart rate, breathing rate, blood circulation
Term
Pons
Definition
breathing, sleeping, dreaming
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
balance and control
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
center of thinking and executive control; tasks such as decision making and impulse control
Term
epilepsy
Definition
sudden electrical impulses in the brain that often lead to uncontrolled seizures; often doctors will cut the corpus callosum to treat severe cases
Term
gland
Definition
an organ that secretes one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, milk
Term
hormone
Definition
regulates bodily functions
Term
Types of Glands
Definition
1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary Gland
3. Pineal Gland
4. Thyroid Gland
5. Adrenal Gland
6. Sex Glands
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
the master gland that stimulates other glands to work
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
involves in growth of muscles, bones, and glands
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
secretes melatonin, which helps to regulate sleeping and waking cycles
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
secretes thyroxine, which helps to regulate metabolism - the rate the body uses oxygen and produces energy
Term
metabolism
Definition
the rate the body uses oxygen and produces energy
Term
thyroxine
Definition
substance secreted by the thyroid gland in order to help regulate metabolism
Term
melatonin
Definition
substance secreted by pineal gland in order to help regulate sleeping and waking cycles
Term
Adrenal Gland
Definition
secretes cortical steroids like adrenaline, which increase stress resistance, helps stimulate the body to produce "emergency" energy; "flight or fight" gland
Term
cortical steroids
Definition
secreted by adrenal gland; increase stress resistance, helps stimulate the body to produce "emergency" energy (e.g. adrenaline)
Term
Sex Glands
Definition
a. Testes
b. Ovaries
Term
Testes
Definition
mainly produce testosterone, but some estrogen; responsible for male sexual characteristics
Term
Ovaries
Definition
mainly produce estrogen, but some testosterone; responsible for female sexual characteristics; also produces progesterone, which stimulates growth of female reproductive organs
Term
progesterone
Definition
sex hormone that stimulates growth of female reproductive organs
Term
Sensation
Definition
the stimulation of any of your senses and the communication of these messages to your central nervous system
Term
Perception
Definition
organization and interpretation of your sensations; how you make sense of your senses; it is not automatic and usually takes conscious effort
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
similar to activation energy, which is the smallest amount of a stimulus that it takes for you to recognize it
Term
activation energy
Definition
the smallest amount of a stimulus that it takes for you to recognize it;
also known as "absolute threshold"
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
the smallest difference between two of the same sensations to be able to tell them apart (e.g. hot vs. really hot); this smallest difference is also known as the "just noticeable difference"
Term
just noticeable difference
Definition
the smallest difference between two of the same sensations to be able to tell them apart (e.g. hot vs. really hot); this smallest difference is also known as the "difference threshold"
Term
Psychophysicists
Definition
researchers who study sensation and perception and how it all works
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
holds that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
when we become used to or less sensitive to a low level of a certain stimulus over time (e.g., traffic noise)
Term
Types of Sensory Adaptation
Definition
1. sensitization
2. desensitization
Term
sensitization
Definition
the process of becoming more sensitive to a stimulus
Term
desensitization
Definition
the process of becoming less sensitive to a stimulus
Term
Your Five Senses
Definition
A. Vision
B. Hearing
C. Smell
D. Taste
E. Touch and Pressure
Term
major parts of the eye
Definition
1. cornea
2. iris
3. pupil
4. lens
5. retina
6. optic nerve
Term
cornea
Definition
outer surface of the eyeball
Term
iris
Definition
colored part that controls how much light enters your eye (dilation)
Term
dilation
Definition
how big or small your pupil is depending on how much light the iris allows to be taken in
Term
pupil
Definition
the black center of the eye that allows light in
Term
lens
Definition
the part of the eye that helps to focus the light that enters
Term
retina
Definition
part of the eye where the lens focuses light/images
Term
optic nerve
Definition
the part of the eye that conveys images to the brain
Term
some common problems with vision
Definition
1. nearsightedness
2. farsightedness
3. presbyopia
4. colorblindness
Term
nearsightedness
Definition
unable to see far away
Term
farsightedness
Definition
unable to see close up
Term
presbyopia
Definition
the loss of the eye's ability to change focus to see near objects; happens to everyone as they age over time
Term
colorblindness
Definition
inability to see certain color; found mostly in males
Term
phenomena found by Gestalt Psychologists
Definition
1. proximity
2. similarity
3. continuity
4. closure
Term
proximity
Definition
tendency to group things together that are close together
Term
similarity
Definition
tendency to group things together that look alike
Term
continuity
Definition
tendency to see a series of pints or lines as having unity
Term
closure
Definition
tendency to fill in the gaps between dashed lines
Term
types of visual illusions
Definition
1. autokinetic effect
2. stroboscopic motion
3. phi phenomenon
4. Hering-Helmholtz Illusion
6. Muller-Lyer Illusion
Term
autokinetic effect
Definition
tendency to see a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving
Term
stroboscopic motion
Definition
perception of motion when a series of stationary/fixed images are shown rapidly one after another (e.g. movies)
Term
phi phenomenon
Definition
perception of motions when a series of lights in a row are switched on and off (e.g. fireworks on a scoreboard)
Term
Hering-Helmholtz Illusion
Definition
illusion which asks the question:
are the horizontal lines straight or curved?

image:
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/305_html/Gestalt/Her_Illusion.html
Term
Muller-Lyer Illusion
Definition
illusion which asks the question:
are the vertical lines equal in length?

image:
http://www.rit.edu/cla/gssp400/muller/muller.html
Term
types of illusions of depth
Definition
1. interposition
2. shadowing
3. motion parallax
Term
interposition
Definition
placing one object in front of another; partially covered objects are seen as farther away
Term
shadowing
Definition
highlights and shading of an object make it look 3D
Term
motion parallax
Definition
tendency to see objects that move at our same speed as being farther away
Term
types of illusions of constancy
Definition
1. size constancy
2. color constancy
3. brightness constancy
Term
size constancy
Definition
the shape of images stay the same even though their actual shape/size is really different
Term
color constancy
Definition
the color of images appears to stay the same even though lighting has changed its actual appearance
Term
major parts of the ear
Definition
1. eardrum
2. cochlea
3. auditory nerve
4. semicircular canals
Term
eardrum
Definition
thin membrane that vibrates when sound is heard; vibrations travel through the middle ear and end up in the inner ear
Term
cochlea
Definition
snail shaped bone in the ear where hair cells receive stimulation and create an impulse
Term
auditory nerve
Definition
part of the ear triggered by the hair cells: transmits the impulse to the brain for processing
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
made up of three semicircular, interconnected tubes located inside the ear:
1. the horizontal/lateral semicircular canal
2. the superior/anterior semicircular canal
3. the posterior semicircular canal

provide sensory input for experiences of rotary movements and are oriented along the pitch, roll, and yaw axes
Term
pitch
Definition
the highness and lowness of sounds
Term
decibel
Definition
a unit used to measure the intensity of a sound or the power level of an electrical signal by comparing it with a given level on a logarithmic scale
Term
common problems with hearing
Definition
1. conductive hearing loss/deafness
2. sensorineural hearing loss/deafness
3. mixed hearing loss/deafness
Term
conductive deafness
Definition
deafness due to loss of sound through the middle ear
Term
sensorineural deafness
Definition
deafness from the loss of hair cells or the auditory nerve
Term
Smell
Definition
adds to the flavor of foods; makes it more robust; the flavor "comes alive"
Term
major parts of the sense of smell
Definition
1. olfactory membrane
2. olfactory nerve
Term
olfactory membrane
Definition
contains the neurons for smell
Term
olfactory nerve
Definition
transmits the odor to the brain for processing; one of our strongest senses that is tied to memory
Term
parts of the mouth used for taste
Definition
1. Palate
2. Throat
3. Taste buds for bitter tastes
4. Taste buds for sour things
5. Taste buds for sweet things
Term
Palate
Definition
roof of the mouth
Term
Taste buds for bitter tastes
Definition
on the back of the tongue
Term
Taste buds for sour things
Definition
on the sides of the tongue
Term
Taste buds for sweet things
Definition
on the tip of the tongue
Term
the dermis
Definition
the middle layer of the skin
-houses receptors for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
-the number of receptors varies with different regions of the skin
Term
Plato
Definition
apparently not important enough to be in my textbook
Term
insight
Definition
a sudden realization of how things are related or connected that help one to solve a problem; an epiphany
Term
Thalamus
Definition
located near the center of the brain; consists of two joined egg- or football-shaped structures; serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation; nerve fibers from the sensory systems enter from below; the information carried by them is then transmitted to the cerebral cortex by way of fibers that exit from above.
Term
an example of how the thalamus works
Definition
relays sensory input from the eyes to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex; also involved in controlling sleep and attention in coordination with other brain structures include the RAS (reticular activating system)
Term
reticular activating system (RAS)
Definition
begins in the hindbrain (lower part), but ascends through the midbrain into the lower part of the forebrain; it is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal; injury may result in a coma; stimulation causes it to send messages to the cerebral cortex (the large wrinkled mass that you think of as your brain), making us more alert to sensory information.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
lies beneath the thalamus and above the pituitary gland; it weighs only 4 grams, yet it is vital in the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and various aspects of motivation and emotion; experimenters learn many of its functions by implanting electrodes in parts of it and observing the effects of an electrical current; they have found that it is involved in hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, and aggression
Term
mixed hearing loss/deafness
Definition
Sometimes a conductive hearing loss occurs in combination with a sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In other words, there may be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve.
Term
mixed hearing loss/deafness
Definition
Sometimes a conductive hearing loss occurs in combination with a sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In other words, there may be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve.
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