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Psych 23-25
Modules 23-25 Vocab
36
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
07/11/2011

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Term
Associative Learning
Definition
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli or response and its consequences.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Term
learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Term
behaviorism
Definition
Psychology should be:
(1) objective science
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Most agree with (1) not (2)
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus such as salvation when food is in the mouth
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response
Term
conditioned response
Definition
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Term
acquisition
Definition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Term
higher-order learning
Definition
second-order conditioning
Getting bitten by a dog, just hearing barking may make the person afraid
Term
extinction
Definition
diminishing of a conditioned response
occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
-occurs in operant conditioning when a responsee if no longer reinforced
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
reappearance of extinguished conditioned response after a pause
Term
generalization
Definition
stimulus similar to conditioned response will produce same response
Term
discrimination
Definition
classical conditioning
learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditional response
Term
associative learning
Definition
learning that events occur together
-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning - response and its consequences
Term
respondent behavior
Definition
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior that operates on environment, producing consequences
Term
law of effect
Definition
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Term
operant chamber
Definition
in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
Term
shaping
Definition
operant conditioning
-procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Term
reinforcer
Definition
in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Term
conditioned reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Term
partial reinforcement
Definition
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Term
fixed-ratio schedule
Definition
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Term
variable-ration schedule
Definition
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Term
fixed-interval schedule
Definition
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Term
variable-interval schedule
Definition
operant conditioning, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
Term
punisher
Definition
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Term
cognitive map
Definition
mental representation of layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they learned a cognitive map to it
Term
latent learning
Definition
learning that occurs but is no apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Term
intrinsic motivation
Definition
desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
Term
extrinsic behavior
Definition
desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment
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