Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental operations and reasoning must be employed before knowledge can be attained, this is intellectual and deductive. Believes in innate ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The source of all knowledge is sensory observation, no innate ideas, the mind is a blank slate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specify how events are related. Ie. If we knew the cause of a disease we can predict and control it, therefore casual laws are more powerful then correlational laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the past for its own sake without trying to evaluate it using today's knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluating and interpreting historical events from today's knowledge because we are more advanced and developed therefore most important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves from specific to general, starts with specific observations then ties them into a larger theory. ie. scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moves from general to specific, used in mathematics, starts with a theory and applies it to a specific hypothesis then makes observations accordingly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Says all observations are interpretation made under the umbrella of hypothesis. Observations therefore can't conform a hypothesis, only falsify one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is no meaningful sense by which we progress in science, just different theories to interpret reality under different paradigms. |
|
|
Term
| Correspondence theory of truth |
|
Definition
| belief that scientific laws are correct if they correspond with the events in the physical world "reality". Popper accepts this, however Kuhn rejects it saying the paradigm accepted by a group of scientists creates the "reality" that they explore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plato's idea that reality consists of abstract ideas that correspond to the mathematical world. Knowledge of these are innate and can only been through introspection. Everything around us is just a shadow of the perfect, ideal (mathematical) form of itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in inevitable growth and progress of human knowledge and institutions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technique used by Socrates that examined many individual examples of a concept to see what they all had in common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cave- Physical world we experience
Daylight (outside the cave)- world of truth, world of forms
Prisoners- vast majority of people
escaped prisoner- philosopher
fire- illusions that blind us
shadows- things we believe to be true
Sun- the cause of all things (the form of good) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life style characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures |
|
|
Term
| Reminiscence theory of knowledge |
|
Definition
| All knowledge is innate and can be attained only through introspection. At most sensory experiences can remind one of what is already known |
|
|
Term
| Analogy of the divided line |
|
Definition
| Hierarchy of understanding, with the lowest being based on images of objects, next the objects themselves, next is an understanding of the underlying mathematical principles, next understanding the forms, and the highest being an understanding of all forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed mind and body are separate substances and the body is “contaminating the mind” as it is material and imperfect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Courageous (emotional), rational, and appetitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dualist, theory of forms, allegory of the cave, deductive, mathematics, analogy of the divided line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Embraced rationalism and empiricism, however with this in mind we can say he was erring more on the rationalist side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything in nature exists for a purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory by aristotle that views matter and form as inseparable (also called matter-formism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material cause (marble), formal cause (form, pattern), efficient cause (energy of the sculptor), and final cause (purpose for the statues existence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps an object moving or developing until its full potential/built-in function is achieved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aristotle created them, contiguity, similarity, and contrast. Automatically link together similar concepts, ideas, and thoughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First work of psychology, Aristotle wants to know whether all psychological states are also material states of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Vegetative Soul (Aristotle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensitive Soul (Aristotle) |
|
Definition
| Perception, sensation (pain and pleasure), possessed by animals |
|
|
Term
| Rational Soul (Aristotle) |
|
Definition
| Thought possessed only by humans |
|
|
Term
| Aristotle is the first to make distinctions between |
|
Definition
| remembering and recalling, as well as active and passive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Athens is in a war-type situation, therefore for the stability of the state you should act in a way that avoids extremes. Exhibit courage and don’t be timid, but strike a balance. |
|
|
Term
| What Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates had in common |
|
Definition
| All believed that in order to live a good life you must take care of yourself, be healthy, good nutrition, etc. Health is a virtue and if you don't take care of yourself your considered immoral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that nature is a hierarchy from the smallest neurons to the biggest “unmoved mover”. The closer to the unmoved mover it is, the more perfect it is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny copies of yourself, earlier philosophers thought that senses were when objects sent off tiny eidola of themselves. Aristotle proved this wrong, by showing that objects gave off motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primitive humans looked at everything as being alive, making no distinction between animated and inanimate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything rotated around the earth in a uniform, circular fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argued that rather than the sun revolving around the earth (geocentric theory) the earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric theory). This challenged the church dogma and was therefore rejected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that the sun revolves around the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prefix: helio means sun therefore its the sun theory aka the earth revolves around the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found that the sun went in an elliptical pattern, not circular. Embraces induction (observation) and deduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saw the universe as a perfect machine whose workings could only be understood in mathematical terms (plato and pythagoreans), deduction, invented telescope, objective and subjective reality. One of the first people to not see everything revolving around humans. Galileo's main target was Aristotle, discrediting one thing after another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of arguing from general to a specific arguement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mind dependent, talking about properties such as warmth and color (depend on perception) |
|
|
Term
| Objective reality (Galileo) |
|
Definition
| Length and solidity, things that can be measured |
|
|
Term
| Primary qualities (Galileo) |
|
Definition
| Belong to the objective (shape, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Secondary qualities (Galileo) |
|
Definition
| Mind-dependent (temperature, color, etc.), subjective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God exists and interacts in the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| God created the universe but had no further involvement, does not intervene, not a personal god. Scientifically respectable belief in god |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earth is the center of the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deism, saw the world as a complex mathematical machine made by god, mixed but primarily deductive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MAINLY said science should start from a blank slate. Emphasized induction (strongly opposed newtons deduction theory) atheoretical- words, numbers, etc. are a source of bias. Science should be judged by practical applications to society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thesis, deduction, rationalism, method of doubt, interaction of mind and body (body is just a machine), dualism, reflexes |
|
|
Term
| hyperbolic doubt/method of doubt |
|
Definition
| Descartes tries to systematically doubt everything in order to locate something certain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think, therefore, I am -Descartes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nervous system consists of hollow tubes conducting animal spirits, subtle fluids that coursed through the nerves, enlarged the muscles, and thereby create movement. Emotions occur when the spirit effects the mind via the pineal gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aristotle's god, created the universe, not a personal god |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stick strictly to facts and ignore theories, words, numbers, eliminate all bias. Judge on practical applications (bacon believed in this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two separate aspects to humans, one physical and one mental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief in the potential of the individual, religion should be more personal and less institutionalized, intense interest in the classics, and negative attitude towards aristotle's philosophy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descartes version of dualism that saw the mind and body as separate but interacting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Barkley says that if you push empiricism far enough the distinction between primary and secondary characteristics are going to collapse and everyone becomes a secondary characteristic, all qualities are mind-dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All that exists is matter and motion, all mental experiences can be explained by sensory experience. The mind is nothing but a place to think, nothing deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that all that exists are minds, ideas, and collections of ideas |
|
|
Term
| "to be is to be perceived" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideas that are copied from sensory experience. AKA the copy theory of mind. Can only have ideas for which there are impressions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predictions derived from scientific theory that run a strong chance of showing the theory to be false. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| I think therefore I am- Descartes |
|
|
Term
| Active reason (aristotle) |
|
Definition
| immortal part of the soul that searches for the essences in the material world |
|
|
Term
| Passive reason (aristotle) |
|
Definition
| Practical utilization of information, common sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explaining phenomena after its already occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An existing paradigm is replaced by a new paradigm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideas are copied from sensory experience (impressions) and therefore you can't have an idea for something you haven't experienced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resemblance, contiguity and cause and effect. |
|
|
Term
| Mitigated Skepticism: Hume |
|
Definition
| Beliefs concerning the following cannot be justified within empiricism: Causality, Existence of God, and Personal Identity. If your an empiricist you can't justify believing that causality exists in nature, you only have an impression of an event, not a causal connection |
|
|
Term
| Contrasted darwin's theory of evolution |
|
Definition
| Said essences didn't change, they're fixed -aristotle |
|
|
Term
| Galileo was worried about the visual system skewing our perception |
|
Definition
| therefore he came up with the difference between objective and subjective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct observation and recording of nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Idols of the cave (personal biases), idols of the tribe (biases due to human nature), idols of the marketplace (biases arise from positive or negative connotations with certain words), and idols of the theatre (biases that arrise from a certain paradigm) |
|
|
