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| set of instructions for solving a problem or completing a process |
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"rule of thumb"
works most of the time |
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| a cognitive system which helps us organize and make sense of information |
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| Denial, Displacement, Repression, Regression, Rationalization, Identification, Projection, Compensation, Rxn formation, Sublimination |
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| Ask for a lot, then ask for a little |
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| Ask for something small, then ask for something big |
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| adding something extra to an offer to make the offer seem better |
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| single cell formed when a sperm cell and egg cell meet |
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Ex) Kitty Genovesse
social phenomenon in which a person (or persons) are less likely to offer help to another person (or persons) when there are more people around who can also provide assistance |
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| when a medical student believes he or she has some or all of the diseases or disorders being studied |
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (to change irrational beliefs into rational ones)\
A-activating event, B- Belief, C- consequence, D- dispute, E- effective |
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| biomedical therapy in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of a patient in order to produce a chemical change |
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| Lower Cost, Exposure to ways others view & handle similar problems, social & emotional support |
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| people may be less inclined to speak freely, client must share therapist's time, some people cannot handle GT |
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| (1885- 1952) countered Frued's idea of penis envy,developed a theory of neuroses, identified three categories of neurotic needs |
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| Real self vs ideal self, self-actualizing tendency, positive regard, "fully functioning person", empathy, HUMANIST |
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| Social learning theory, modeling, self-efficacy |
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| OCEAN (big 5 personality traits) |
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| Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism |
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thematic apperception test
basically pictures and you project on to them |
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| Woman who was raped and murdered while most of her neighbors watched, could have been saved. EX of the bystander effect |
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| Schizophrenia vs. Multiple Personality |
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Schizophrenia: beliefs are not grounded in reality
Mult. Personality: the many personalities are all in reality |
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our nervous system reacts with an increased heart rate, a rush of adrenaline, or muscle tension, and our perception of those changes is what is referred to as emotion
FATHER OF FUNCTIONALISM |
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| Personal Construct Theory |
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| Father of Psychoanalysis, unconscious mind (dreams),psychosexual development : Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital, Id, Ego, and Superego |
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| an organism's performance can be improved if that organism is aroused in some manner. However, if the level of arousal increases too much, performance decreases |
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| deviating from what is considered the "norm" and not conforming to the accepted social rules. maladaptive behavior, subjective discomfort, statistics |
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| personal unconscious, "collective unconscious", theory of personality, feeling, thinking, sensation, and intuition, |
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| a test that detects abnormal personality styles. This instrument is commonly used by clinicians to determine if a person may have a psychological disorder |
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| Stanford Prison Study, the Lucifer Effect |
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| known for his experiments on maternal separation and social isolation of rhesus monkeys, revealed the importance of contact comfort and social interaction to healthy development, and influenced child-rearing practices, particularly in orphanages and other institutions that provided care to children |
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| Self-Perception Theory, people develop attitudes and opinions by observing their own behavior and drawing conclusions from it, gender schema |
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| Hofling: nurses will do what a doctor says, even if its against the rules |
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| the tendency for people in a group to put less effort into the task when the effort is pooled |
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| treatment that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior, Hans Eysenck |
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| obsessive compulsive disorder, An anxiety disorder where individuals are unable to stop thinking the same thoughts or performing the same tasks over and over again. |
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| Major depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by an extended period of sadness |
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| Also known as manic depression, this is a mood disorder in which the person's mood swings from euphoric, manic stages to depressed |
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| Inferiority complex- term used to describe people who compensate for feelings of inferiority importance of birth order, |
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| Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Intelligence is made of sub intl. verbal and performance |
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| Piaget & his theory & methods |
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| Schemes, assimilation and accomidation, 4 stages of development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal operations. cognitive perspective |
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| Vygotsky & his theory and methods |
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Scaffolding- when more skilled learners help less skilled.
Zone of Proximal Development- diff. b/t what a student can do alone vs what he/she can do w/ a teacher |
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| person accepts them as completely normal & has no desire to change them,paranoid personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenic disorder |
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| affective feelings of liking or disliking toward an object, an attitude is not a feeling, a cognition, or a form of behavior but all 3 |
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| Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, Social Phobia, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Acute Stress Disorder |
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| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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| is depression that recurs yearly around the same time,changes in sleeping habits and difficulty getting out of bed, overeating, withdrawal from people, loss of interest |
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| Depression soon after giving birth to children, very common, due to changes in hormones |
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| "the normal curve", 100 on int. scale is mean, intel. is due to both experience and genetics |
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| Developmental psychology methods |
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| Cross-sectional design, longitudinal design, cross-sectional design |
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| social psychology methods |
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| descriptive research, correlational research, experimental research |
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| Kohlberg theory and methods |
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| Theory of moral development- 3 stages of morality 1. Avoid getting punished, 2. Absolute Right and Wrong, 3. unspoken contracts between people |
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| ego and superego spent energy to keep feelings and thoughts repressed. repression and the development of defense mechanisms left hidden conflicts unresolved. unresolved conflicts prevented normal development. |
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| Free Association, dream interp., |
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| Maslow's theories and model |
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| Humanistic Approach, Most famous for his hierarchy of needs: bottom=food & water, top=self actualization, peak experiences= when SA is achieved, studies based on Americans |
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| born in Austria, never knew father, 8 Crises: Trust/mistrust, autonomy/shame, initiative/guilt, industry/inferiority, identity/role confusion, intimacy/isolation, generativity/stagnation, integrity/despair |
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| autokinetic effect, people thought the dot was moving more just because someone else said it was moving |
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| 3 lines: all different lengths, participants were asked which matched the sample. When a few people said one was right, the group was more likely to say the same |
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| cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage, telomeres get to short to reproduce |
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| oxygen molecules than hace an unstable electron, damage the inside of cells |
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Kubler-Ross developed:
1. Denial, 2. Anger, 3. Bargaining, 4. Depression, 5. Acceptance |
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| Sex guy, the kinsey scale, very controversial- shocked many americans |
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| Freudian, humanistic, Behavioristic, Cognitive, Group, psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive |
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| Eos and thanatos, labido and morbido, life and death |
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| father of operant conditioning, + and - reinforcers |
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